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Chapter 31:
Diseases and
Disabilities
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD’s): medical disorders
that affect the heart and blood vessels
RISK FACTORS OF CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE:
1. Heredity- if one or both parents have heart
disease or hypertension (high BP), the risk is
higher
2. Ethnicity: African Americans are twice as likely
to develop high blood pressure
3. Gender: males have a greater risk of heart
disease or stroke than females
RISK FACTORS CONT.
4. Age: 55% of all heart attacks occur in people 65 and
older
5. Environment: Air pollution, tobacco smoke, and
stress are also risk factors of CVD’s
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Types of Cardiovascular Disease:
1.Hypertension (Constant High Pressure): App. 60
million Americans suffer from hypertension
Controllable risk factors are obesity, alcohol use,
inactivity, smoking and excessive intake of salt
Hypertension is
known
as the “silent
killer”
Diseases of the Arteries:
2. Arteriosclerosis: Hardening of
the Arteries- caused by a build up of
plaque and cholesterol on artery
walls
Arteriosclerosis is the most common cause of
death in the United States
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Diseases of the Heart:
ANGINA PECTORIS: A Pain and tightness in the chest
due to a lack of oxygen to the heart (A warning sign
that the heart is in distress)
1. Heart Attack: When the heart stops working
(fibrillation- the rapid ineffective beating of the heart in
one of two main chambers called ventricles)
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CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE: A slow gradual weakening
of the heart muscle from overwork
2. Stroke: An interruption of the flow of blood to any part of
the brain.
Warning signs of a stroke are: -sudden weakness or numbness
of the face, are and leg on
one side of the body
- loss of speech or trouble
speaking
- sudden dimness or loss of
vision,
usually in just one eye
- enexplained dizziness or
sudden falls
The most common cause of a stroke is the blocking of a
cerebral artery caused by a blood clot (thrombus)
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Cerebral Hemmorrhaging: an artery
that bursts inside the brain.
Lesson 2:
Cancer
Tumor: any mass of tissue (all cancers are
tumors but not all tumors are cancer
benign: a non-cancerous tumor
malignant: a cancerous tumor that has no membrane
to keep it localized, therefore allowing it to spread
matastasis: the spread of cancer from its
origination point to other parts of the body
Causes of Cancer: exposure to carcinogens in
tobacco smoke, asbestos, and toxic waste. Also,
some forms of radiation like x-rays, radon, and
ultraviolet rays from the sun.
Some common forms of cancer are:
1. Skin Cancer: Most common cancer in U.S.
melanoma: the deadly type of skin cancer
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2. Lung Cancer: more common in smokers
- 85 % of male smokers and 75 % of female smokers
*Survival rate
of lung cancer
is only 13%
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Oral Cancer: cancer of the mouth and throat area
More common in tobacco users and excessive alcohol drinkers
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Other Common forms of cancer are :
Colon and Rectum: 2nd most common cancers in U.S.
Reproductive Cancers:
Female: breast, cervical, uterine, and ovarian
Male: testicular and prostate gland
Leukemia: cancer of the blood-forming tissue
in the bone marrow
Detecting and Treating Cancer:
biopsy: a test of tissue to detect if cancerous
cells are present
Surgery: the surgical removal of a cancerous
tumor and affected areas
Radiation: The use of radioactive energy from
cobalt or radium to penetrate a tumor and
destroy the cancerous cells
Chemotherapy: the use of anti-cancer medications to treat
the growth of cancerous cells
LESSON 3
OTHER
NONINFFECTIOUS
DISEASES
DIABETES: A Chronic Disease that affects the way
body cells convert food into energy
Diabetes many times lead to other problems like
blindness, kidney disease, amputations, nerve
disease, heart disease and stroke
When food enters the body, carbohydrates are
changed to glucose, them absorbed into the blood and
sent into cells.
When the pancreas does not produce insulin sufficiently, the
glucose is unable to enter the cells and it accumulates in the
bloodstream.
A high level of sugar in the urine is one of the surest signs
that a person has diabetes
DIABETES
TYPE 1
Low Blood Sugar (Hypoglycemic)
Time Span: Sudden Onset
to days
TYPE 2
High Blood Sugar(Hyperglycemic
Gradual Onset-hours
Signs: Staggering, Poor coordination
Thirst, frequent urination,
Irritability, hostility, pale color, sweating
flushed skin, vomiting,
fruit or unconsciousness
winelike smell on
breath,
unconsciousness
Causes: delayed or missed meals, too
much insulin, extreme exercise
insulin,
Undiagnosed Diabetes,
forgotten or omitted
stress, too much food or drink
at once
Treatment: provide sugar, look for ID
Get them to a Doctor. If you”re
bracelet,
NO DIET DRINKS, if they do
not sure what type
they are,
not respond, get them to a doctor
provide sugar, if they do not
Arthritis: a disease that covers at least 100
conditions that cause pain and swelling in joints
and connective tissue
1. Rheumatoid Arthritis: destructive and
disabling inflammation of the joints
2. Osteoarthritis: affects primarily the
weight-bearing joints of the knees and
hips, causing aches and soreness, especially
when moving
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Lesson 4
PHYSICAL
AND
MENTAL
CHALLENGES
Disability: any physical or mental impairment that limits
normal activities, including seeing, hearing, walking or
speaking
The leading cause of blindness today is complications
from diabetes. Other causes are macular
degeneration, glaucoma, and cataracts.
Hearing Impairment affects app. 20 million Americans.
Profound Deafness: hearing loss so severe that the
person could not benefit from mechanical devices such
as hearing aids.
Mental Retardation: below-average intellectual ability
present from birth or early childhood and associated with
difficulties in learning and social adaptation
4 levels of Mental Retardation: mild, moderate, severe, and
profound (75% of all mentally retarded Americans fall in the
“mild” category) and are likely not to recognized in general
society
Americans With Disabilities Act: a law prohibiting the discrimination
against people with physical or mental disabilities in the workplace,
transportation, public accomodations and telecommunications