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Courtney Davaloz, 3VM Texas A&M University School of Veterinary Medicine Nutrition is defined as being the process by which organisms take in and utilize food material All of the animals above are affected by nutrition Everyday we make decisions affecting nutrition, whether in regards to our pets or ourselves Finding a complete balance for yourself and your pet can be challenging Fats, Oils, Sweets Milk, Yogurt, Cheese Vegetables Food Pyramid Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Beans, Eggs, Nuts Fruit Bread, Cereal, Rice & Pasta Why do we have these guidelines on what we should or shouldn’t eat? Water Fat Carbohydrates Protein Vitamins Minerals Why so important? Solubilize biochemicals and thereby facilitate their actions and interactions Regulates body temperature Fluid medium for blood and lymph systems (Blood is 90% water) Lubrication of body tissues Makes up 55-75% of the human body Water is not stored heavily in the body so it must constantly be replaced as it is excreted Condition marked by a shortage of water or fluids in the body Can be caused by vomiting/diarrhea or excessive sweating due to strenuous activity Symptoms Lethargy(weakness) Headaches and cramps Increased thirst Decreased urination Made up of a long sequence of amino acids that folds upon itself to form function-specific structures Serve numerous essential functions in the body such as muscle growth, tissue repair, and transporting oxygen Myoglobin: Oxygen transport protein Tryptophan As protein is consumed from food, its constituent AAs are used to produce necessary body proteins Certain AAs are essential (required by the body for normal growth) Not all protein sources contain the same amino acids so the diet must be diverse or wellmanaged Natural sources include meat, eggs, dairy products, and soy beans Carbohydrates are the primary source of fuel for the body. They ultimately produce the energy that powers the body processes. The three main sources of carbs are simple sugars, starches, and fiber Simple sugars are the product of digestion of the larger molecules. • The most important of these is glucose, which is the primary sugar absorbed by the body Starch Long chain of sugars connected by a specific type of bonding(α-bond) that is easily digested by enzymes in the small intestine. Fiber Long chain of sugars connected by β-bonds which can only be broken down by microbes in the stomachs of ruminant animals Is a concentrated form of energy Most common type is triglycerides Saturated fats vs. Unsaturated fats Fat Soluble Water Soluble Vitamins A, D, E, K B – vitamins, Vitamin C Important for maintaining balanced diet Vitamin A Deficiency Vitamin D Toxicosis Vitamin K Deficiency Many different functions Bone and Cartilage (ex. Calcium and Phosphorus) Maintaining fluid balances (ex. Sodium and Chloride) Muscle and Nerve functions (ex. Potassium) Enzymatic reactions (ex. Potassium and Zinc) Very important for balanced diets Calcium deficiencies 53% of these deaths are attributable to under-nutrition What is obesity? Increasing problem Evolutionary change Has many health affects What is an ideal body weight? Diabetes Mellitus Orthopedic issues Heart Disease Liver Disease Type I vs. Type II Cats and Type II diabetes High fat diet cause activation of a regulatory protein which can cause development of insulin resistance Over-weight cats two times more likely to get diabetes Obese cats four times more likely to get diabetes Ruptured Cranial Cruciate Ligament Osteoarthritis Elbow and hip dysplasia Laminitis in horses Orthopedics Take animals into local veterinarian Body Condition Scores Scale 1-5 Scale 1-9 Similar to BMI (body mass index) in human medicine Quantity vs. Quality Animals being fed one big meal a day vs. 2-3 small meals a day Table Scraps Relation to human medicine Healthy vs. Unhealthy methods Not a quick fix! Proper diet Purina OM Science diet R/D Exercise Importance in human medicine Drugs Consult your veterinarian! To get you and your animal on the right track! A 40 lbs dog who is 5 lbs overweight is equivalent to a 200 lbs man being how many pounds overweight??? The first prescription drug aimed for canine weight-loss in the USA Dirlotapide Targets small intestine Reduces fat absorption Gives a feeling of satiety Therefore reduces food intake i.e. calories Goal Different phases Lose 3% of body weight every month Weight loss phase Maintenance phase Consult your veterinarian! Study trying to determine the distribution of Body Condition Score values for dogs examined at a veterinary hospital and to see if the scores differed from dogs with malignant neoplasm with dogs that did not have neoplasm Retrospective prevalence case-control study involving 1777 dogs with cancer and 12,893 dogs without cancer Sample population was pulled from January 1999 to December 2004 Dogs used in this study had a variety of cancers, including sarcomas, carcinomas, and round cell tumors Obesity was defined as >7/9 BCS Overall higher prevalence of obese dogs in this study (compared to previous studies) This has mirrored the increase in obese humans Results: A lower prevalence of overweight and obese dogs with sarcomas and carcinomas and no difference in BCS distribution in dogs with round cell tumors So is obesity related to cancer? By causation? Or, correlation? Purina.com Slentrol.com