Download QUEST 8A REVIEW

Honors Biology
CHAPTER 8 REVIEW
“Sex in the Cell City”
#1 Contrast asexual and sexual
reproduction:
• ASEXUAL
• 1 parent
• Forms identical
cells
• Forms 2
daughter cells
• SEXUAL
• 2 parents
• Forms
different cells
• Forms 4
daughter cells
#2 Compare: Chromatin,
Chromosomes, Chromatids
ANSWER
• ALL ARE DNA + PROTEIN
• Chromatin – loose in interphase
• Chromosomes – dense and coiled in
mitosis- connected by a centromere
Chromatid – condensed - paired with
identical sister chromatid
To determine the number of
chromosomes, count the
centromere regions
• There are 3
chromosomes here
There are 6
chromosomes
here
#3 What do you call…
• A fertilized egg
• Zygote
• Fertilization
• Joining of the egg and sperm
#4
• What do you call asexual
reproduction in prokaryotes?
• Binary fission
• What do you call asexual
reproduction in eukaryotes?
• mitosis
Asexual and Sexual Repro
• How do the chromosome numbers
compare before and after
reproduction in each?
• EXAMPLE:
If the original cell had 20 chromosomes,
how many chromosomes would each
cell have after each type of
reproduction?
ANSWER
• Sexual Reproduction -resulting cells have
half the number of chromosomes
• (start with 20 – end with 10 chromosomes)
• Diploid to haploid
• Asexual Reproduction -resulting cells have
the identical number of chromosomes
• (start and end with 20 chromosomes)
• Diploid to diploid
#5Contrast DNA in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
• Shape
• Size
• complexity
ANSWER #5 Chromosomes
differ in…
• PROKARYOTES • EUKARYOTES
• One Circular
• Many Long
chromosome
strands of
chromosomes
• Smaller (3,000
genes in
• Larger ( 100,000
bacterium)
genes in
humans)
• simpler
• More complex
#4 Compare the number of genes:
• Humans to bacteria
• ANSWER:
• 100,000 to 3,000
6. Put in correct order
• Telophase
• Anaphase
• Metaphase
• Prophase
• Prometaphase
6. ANSWER
• P PM M A T
–Prophase
–Prometaphase
–Metaphase
–Anaphase
–Telophase
7. How does nuclear membrane
change?
•In prometaphase
•dissolves
•In telophase
•reforms
8. What is…?
•Cytokinesis
•Division of the
cytoplasm
8. How is cytokinesis different in…
• PLANT
CELLS
• ANIMAL
CELLS
8. ANSWER
• PLANT CELLS
• Form cell plate
• ANIMAL
CELLS
• Form a
cleavage
furrow by
pinching in
the
cytoplasm
8. (continued) Define:
• Cell plate
• Cleavage furrow
• Cleavage Furrow
• Pinching of the
cytoplasm by actin
• Cell plate
pulling like a
• In plant cells the
drawstring
cell wall will form
8. ANSWER
9. What goes on in each?
•G1
•S
•G2
ANSWER
• G1grows in size, increases
organelles
• S DNA synthesis
(replicates)
• G2 makes centrioles for
cell division + growth
What is the purpose of…
• Mitosis?
A. make bigger cells
• B. make exact copies of cells in two
daughter cells
• C. make copies of cells with twice the
number of chromosomes
• D. decrease the number of cells
ANSWER
•B. make exact copies
of cells in two
daughter cells
10. Locate
• Chromatids
• Centromeres
• Asters
• Centrioles
• spindles
10. ANSWER
Chromatids
Centromeres
asters
Spindles
centrioles
11. Spindles
• What is the difference between the
kinetochore and the non-kinetochore
spindles?
• Kinetochore spindles are attached to the
chromatids and shorten
• Non-kinetochore spindles
go pole-to-pole and lengthen
the cell
11. What makes the…
• Chromatids move to the
poles (centrioles)?
• Kinetochore spindles
shorten and motor proteins
power the movement
11. ANSWER
• kinesin motor
protein
• Motor
Proteins
(dynein)-use
ATP to
grab and move
the chromatid
12. Growth Factor
• Chemical produced outside of the cell to
start the cells to begin the cell cycle
• EX: when you have a cut
•
12. What is the purpose of
a growth factor?
• naturally occurring substance
capable of stimulating cellular
growth
• Remember the mice would
healing article at the beginning
of the year? What did VEGF
do? (grape-seed article)
• Create blood vessels if at an
injury site
13. MATCHING
1 Cells divide
until reach a definite
limit (other cells, walls)
2 cells need contact
to grow
3 cells continue to grow
Uncontrollably
A. anchorage
dependence
B. cancer cells
C. densitydependent
inhibition
13. MATCHING ANSWERS
1-C Cells divide
until reach a definite
limit (other cells, walls)
2-A cells need contact
to grow
3-B cells continue to grow
Uncontrollably
A. anchorage
dependence
B. cancer cells
C. densitydependent
inhibition
14. MATCH THE CANCERS
•
•
•
•
•
A. carcinoma
B. sarcoma
C. lymphoma
D. leukemia
E. metastasis
• 1. spread of cancer
cells beyond site
• 2. cancer from bone
marrow
• 3. cancer from outer
skin or linings
• 4. support tissue
cancers (bone,
muscle)
• 5. cancer of lymphatic
system
14. MATCH THE CANCERS
•
•
•
•
•
3 A. carcinoma
4 B. sarcoma
5 C. lymphoma
2 D. leukemia
1 E. metastasis
• 1. spread of cancer
cells beyond site
• 2. cancer from bone
marrow (makes WBC)
• 3. cancer from outer
skin or linings
• 4. support tissue
cancers (bone,
muscle)
• 5. cancer of lymphatic
system
14. MATCH THE CANCERS
A. Benign
B. Malignant
C. tumor
• 1. tumor growth
spread to other tissue
• 2. abnormal growth
but not beyond
original site
• 3. abnormal growth of
cells
14. MATCH THE CANCERS
A. 2 Benign
B. 1 Malignant
C. 3 tumor
• 1. tumor growth
spread to other tissue
• 2. abnormal growth
but not beyond
original site
• 3. abnormal growth of
cells
15. What is the name of the
gene that...
• Gene that causes breast cancer
• P27 (on chromosome 12 FYI)
• Spellchecks DNA for errors and repairs
them?
• p53
16.
• MITOSIS
a. 2n to 2n
(diploid to
diploid)
b. forms cells
identical to
parent cell
• MEIOSIS
• a. 2n to n
• (diploid to
haploid)
• b. forms cells
different from
parent cell
16. (cont.)
• MITOSIS
• c. 1 divison
• d. forms 2
daughter cells
• e. makes
somatic cells
• MEIOSIS
• c. 2 divisions
• d. forms 4
daughter cells
• e. makes sex
cells
17. What is the name of…
• The protein that signals each phase of the
cell cycle to start?
• Cyclins
• (build up
and break
down)
How do cyclins and cdk’s work
together?
• Cdk is an enzyme that
attaches to cyclin to form
MPF (maturation
promotion factor) to begin
that part of the cell
Cycle
Phosphate group activates
with energy
18. How are cancer cells...
•Abnormal in the
cell cycle?
ANSWER
• Do not have a
properly
functioning
cell cycle
control systemgrow
uncontrollably
18. What body cells...
• Divide a lot?
• Not at all after formed?
18. What cells…
• Divide a lot
• skin
• blood
• digestive
tract
• Don’t divide
after formed
• Nerve
(brain)
• muscle
18. What part of the cell cycle…
• Is when cells that do
not divide leave the
cell cycle or go to
differentiate?
• G0
19. Name the Phase of Mitosis
• Chromatin
thickens
• Prophase
• prometaphase
• nuclear envelope
disappears
• nuclear envelope
reforms
• telophase
19. Name the Phase of Mitosis
• Centrioles
moving to the
opposite poles
• spindle fibers
form
• cell plate forms
• Prophase
• prophase
• Telophase/
cytokinesis
19. Name the Phase of Mitosis
• Chromosomes
line up at the
equator
• Metaphase
• cytoplasm
divides
• cytokinesis
Identify the Phase of Mitosis
• anaphase
Identify the Phase of Mitosis
• prophase
Identify the Phase of Mitosis
• telophase
Identify the Phase of cell
cycle
• Interphase
Identify the Phase of Mitosis
• prometaphase
Identify the Phase of
Mitosis
• Metaphase
20. Somatic or Sex Cell?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Skin
Somatic (body cell)
Sperm
Sex
Blood
Somatic
Egg
sex
21. Difference between…
• Sex chromosomes and
autosomes?
• ANSWER: Sex chromosomes
are X and Y (usually #23)
Autosomes are rest of
chromosomes, in human
karyotype #1-22
22. What is the difference…
• Between diploid and haploid (and
symbols)?
• ANSWER:Diploid is 2n with 2
sets of chromosomes in a cell
• Haploid is n with one set of
chromosmes in a cell
• What is the diploid and the
haploid number for
humans?
• ANSWER: diploid – 2n = 46
•
haploid – n = 23
If given the diploid number, what is
the haploid number?
• Diploid
• 40
• Haploid
• 20
• 24
• 12
• 16
•8
23. Which is not a male?
• XXY
• XY
• XO
• XXXY
• Which is the normal male?
• XO is not a male and XY is the
normal male
24. How are they related?
• Tetrad and synapsis
• Tetrad are 4 homologous
chromosomes and synapsis is
the joining of these 4 to form a
tetrad
25. Crossover
• When does it occur?
• During prophase I
• Between which two chromosomes
does it occur?
• Two homologous chromosomes
• What is the site where it occurs?
• chiasma
25. What is a chiasma?
A
B
C
25. CHIASMA ANSWER
Point where
crossing over
occurs
between two
inner
chromosomes
26. How many possible
combinations?
• What is the formula?
• 2n
• What does n stand for?
• Haploid number
• How many combos if n = 2?
•4
26. (cont.) How many possible
combinations?
• How many combos if n = 3?
• 8 = (2 x 2 x 2)
• How many combos if n =
23?
• About 8 million
Which does not belong?
• Skin cell
• Diploid
• Gamete
• Somatic cell
• ANSWER: gamete
Which does not belong?
•
•
•
•
•
•
2N
Haploid
Gamete
Sperm
Egg
ANSWER: 2N
27. Who determines…
• The sex of the offspring? Father or mother
•
•
•
•
•
FATHER
WHY?
If he donates an X = child is girl (XX)
If he donates a Y = child is a boy (XY)
Mother only can donate an X
28. What are homologous
chromosomes?
What are sister chromatids?
• ANSWER: Sister chromatids are exact
duplicates (from S phase)
• Homologous chromosome are two
sister chromatids from the Father and
two sister chromatids from the
Mother (Example : 4 of the
#1 chromosomes)
#29 What are gametes?
•
•
•
•
•
A. autosomes
B. female chromosomes
C. sex cells
D. daughter cells
ANSWER: Gametes are sex cells.
For Human they are sperm (male)
and egg (female)
29. What is the difference
between
• A gamete and a zygote?
• A gamete is a sex cell (like egg and
sperm) and a zygote if a fertilized
egg (the joining of egg and sperm)
30. What phase of meiosis?
30. What phase of meiosis?
A1
A2
M1
M2
P2
4 daughter
cells
P1
30. What phase of meiosis?
30. What phase of meiosis?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A-I
B. P1 early
C.P1 late
D. M1
E. F. A1
G. T1
H. Interkinesis
I. P2
J. M2
K. A2
L. T2
M.4 daughter cells
#31 Meiosis or Mitosis?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Makes cells that are haploid?
Meiosis
Makes cells that are diploid?
Mitosis
Makes sex cells
meiosis
31. Mitosis or Meiosis?
• Makes identical cells?
• Mitosis
• Makes similar, but not
identical cells?
• Meiosis
31. Mitosis or Meiosis?
•Has 1 division
•Mitosis
•Has 2 divisions
•Meiosis
31. Mitosis or Meiosis?
• Which makes sex cells?
• Meiosis
• Which makes somatic cells?
• Mitosis
31. How many cells form?
• At the end of meiosis?
• 4 haploid
• At the end of mitosis?
• 2 diploid
32. What 3 factors increase
genetic variability after meiosis?
• 1. independent orientation of
chromosomes at metaphase I (which
chromosome lined up on each side)
• 2. random fertilization (which sperm
joined which egg)
• 3. crossing over
• (ALSO MUTATION…coming in next unit)
In what phase…
• Does synapsis (joining of tetrads)
form?
• Prophase I
• Prophase II
• Metaphase I
• Metaphase II
• ANSWER: Prophase 1
Hair color
• Is a gene on a chromosome. The
variations of it, such as brown,
red, or black would be known as
_________.
• Alleles are the choices of a gene
What is this showing?
• Crossing over
• It occurs during what phase?
• Prophase I
If the testicle cell has
• 50 chromosomes, how many
chromosomes does the sperm
have?
100 50 25
10
• ANSWER: 25
Give the missing info
• If the Diploid
Number is…
• 46
• 18
• 72
• Then the Hapoid
Number is…
• 23
• 9
• 36
Which phase of meiosis?
• Where are the chromatids?
• Meiosis I or II?
• Anaphase I
Which phase of meiosis?
• Where are the chromosomes
going?
How many cells?
• Anaphase II