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Accessibility Issues and
User-Centered Design
Trey Duffy, Director, Disability Resource Center
Debie McArdle, Alternative Media Coordinator, DRC
Kathy Kimball, Information Technology Consultant
Definition
Universal design - The design of products
and environments to be usable by all
people, to the greatest extent possible,
without adaptation or specialized design.
© Copyright 1997 NC State University, The Center for Universal Design
never sacrifice style.
Another recent development in public toilets is the "family restroom". Family
restrooms are unisex but unlike other unisex bathrooms that allow only one
user at a time, the family restroom contains multiple stalls designed for
maximum privacy and communal washing area for use by both genders.
The family restroom is designed so that a parent with a young child of the
opposite gender can bring the child into the restroom with them without the
concerns associated with single-gender restrooms. Family restrooms have
started appearing in newly-built sports stadiums, amusement parks,
shopping malls, and major museums.
At Matsushita, we strive to achieve universal design in our products,
instruction manuals, packaging, and catalogues, in line with the six basic
elements of our universal design policy. We aim to improve overall satisfaction
(usability) in terms of operability, efficiency, comfort, and convenience by
adopting the customer's perspective right from the planning and development
stage. In fiscal 2005, we launched a new system of collaboration with
Matsushita Electric Works, and together we are continuing to made advances
in the field of universal design.
This Walker Dialogue voice carry-over phone allows users to speak
to callers while reading their words on a built-in screen.
Cars have had
“keyless” locking
systems for decades,
Why not have them
for doors at home?
Motion Detection
Lighting
What a simple idea: as you enter
a space or environment the lights automatically go on.
Adjustable keyboard platform
Lever Door Handles
Aeron Chiar: What a simple thought: design a
chair with every feature
You might need that comes in small, medium or large
PRINCIPLE ONE
Equitable Use
The design is useful and marketable to
people with diverse abilities.
© Copyright 1997 NC State University, The Center for Universal Design
PRINCIPLE TWO
Flexibility in Use
The design accommodates a wide range
of individual preferences and abilities.
© Copyright 1997 NC State University, The Center for Universal Design
PRINCIPLE THREE
Simple and Intuitive Use
Use of the design is easy to understand,
regardless of the user's experience,
knowledge, language skills, or current
concentration level.
© Copyright 1997 NC State University, The Center for Universal Design
PRINCIPLE FOUR
Perceptible Information
The design communicates necessary
information effectively to the user,
regardless of ambient conditions or the
user's sensory abilities.
© Copyright 1997 NC State University, The Center for Universal Design
PRINCIPLE FIVE
Tolerance for Error
The design minimizes hazards and the
adverse consequences of accidental or
unintended actions.
© Copyright 1997 NC State University, The Center for Universal Design
PRINCIPLE SIX
Low Physical Effort
The design can be used efficiently and
comfortably and with a minimum of
fatigue.
© Copyright 1997 NC State University, The Center for Universal Design
PRINCIPLE SEVEN
Size and Space for Approach
and Use
Appropriate size and space is provided for
approach, reach, manipulation, and use
regardless of user's body size, posture, or
mobility.
© Copyright 1997 NC State University, The Center for Universal Design
Universal Design for Learning
Design of flexible
instructional materials
and activities that allow
the learning goals to be
achievable by those
with differences in their
abilities and learning
styles.
Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST)
Learning Material Accessibility &
Availability
The creation and
production of academic
materials for universal
access by students of all
learning styles through
digital, audio, and
enlarged print media while
accommodating a
diversity of access
methods
Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST)
Universal design vs.
Assistive technology
Universal design
The design of products and
environments to be usable
by all people, to the
greatest extent possible,
without adaptation or
specialized design.
Assistive technology
Any item, piece of
equipment, that is used
to maintain or improve
functional capabilities of
individuals with
disabilities.
Universal design vs.
Assistive technology
Universal design
technologies
Assistive technology
technologies
What is Web Accessibility?
• Access to people with vision, hearing and
motor impairments
• Also includes those with color blindness,
cognitive and developmental limitations
• Involves creating Web pages that facilitate
assistive technologies
– Screen Readers (JAWS, Window Eyes)
– Alternative input devices/approaches
– Text enlargers (Zoom Text)
What is the Problem?
• Many Web sites use design techniques,
scripts, images and graphics in ways that
make the content inaccessible or difficult
to use
– Images without alt tags
– Complex navigation
– Content presented as graphics without text version
such as Flash, PDF’s
– Video and audio clips without captions or transcripts
Why is Web Accessibility
Important?
• Insures Web information and services are
available to people with disabilities
• Insures Web information available to the
broadest audience
Web Accessibility Examples
• Screen reader example
– http://www.webaim.org/simulations/screenreadersim.htm
• Viewbook http://www.ess.calpoly.edu/_admiss/viewbook/index2.html
• Video
– http://www.csufresno.edu/webaccess/users/default.ht
ml
Incorporating Accessibility in User-Centered
Design
•
•
•
•
•
Business and usability goals include meeting accessibility requirements
Understanding user characteristics includes users with various disabilities
Environmental aspects for a mobile device include hands-free operation
Workflow scenarios include use of an assistive technology
Usability testing include participants with disabilities
Copyright © 2004 Georgia Tech Research Corporation
• Accessibility is about designing user
interfaces so that more people can use
your product effectively in more situations.
Henry, S.L. (2002). Understanding Web Accessibility. In Constructing Accessible Web Sites (p. 8 - 31).
Basic Tips for Web Design
• For Visual Impairments
– Avoid low contrast graphics
– Don’t require the ability to see color
• Avoid “Click the green button.”
• Be careful with the use of green and red
– Don’t force the font, size, or color of text
• Use a style sheet which can be turned off
– Be sure forms can be navigated with the Tab
key
• Avoid entry boxes that require a mouse click
Basic Tips for Web Design
• For Visual Impairments
– Alt tags for every image/graphic
– Provide redundant text links for image maps
and drop-down menus
– Provide a “Skip to Content” link
– Create accessible PDF documents
Basic Tips for Web Design
• For Motor Impairments
– Be sure links are obvious
Cal Poly Home Page
– Alt text needs to match text on buttons
– Provide redundant text links for drop-down
menus
– Avoid small buttons and link text
– http://smalltext
Basic Tips for Web Design
• For Hearing
Impairments
– Caption video clips
– Provide a transcript
for audio clips
– http://mds.calpoly.edu/mds_videoservices/media_captioning.htm
Guidelines and Standards
• Section 508
– http://www.access-board.gov/508.htm
• Section 508 Explanation
– http://www.calpoly.edu/warc/accessibility/index.html
• Web Accessibility Initiative
– http://www.w3.org/WAI/
• Accessibility and Information Resources:
– http://accessibility.calpoly.edu/
Tips and Techniques
• WebAim
– http://www.webaim.org
• Techniques and Tools
– http://www.csusm.edu/accessibility/training/508_guide_edited.htm
• Accessibility Techniques
– http://www.htmlhelp.com/design/accessibility/tips.html
• Creating Accessible Adobe PDF Files
– http://www.adobe.com/enterprise/accessibility/pdfs/acro7_pg_ue.pdf
Website Assessment Tools
• WebAIM’s WAVE 3.5 (development
version)
– Great single page testing tool
– http://www.wave.webaim.org/wave35/index.j
sp
• HiSoftware’s AccVerify
– Download from the Cal Poly Portal
– Technology Tab
– Software Download Channel
Web Browser Developer Tools
• Firefox
– http://chrispederick.com/work/webdeveloper/
• Internet Explorer
– http://www.visionaustralia.org.au/info.aspx?page=614