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Copyright © 2007 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio)
WCAG 2.0
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
Update
DRAFT Last Updated 25 August 2007
Note: This document contains unapproved
draft ideas and should not be referenced or
quoted under any circumstances.
Talk about today
1. What is WCAG
2. What WCAG 2 gives you
-
International, cooperatively developed standard
Applies to more advanced technologies
Clearer criteria
Flexible, adaptable
Practical implementation examples and info
3. Making accessibility easier & better
- Authoring tools and browsers
4. What you can do now
We won’t cover
 The basics of Web accessibility and
WCAG 1.0
 The business case
 Policies, laws,
 … and such
Will provide resources for these.
WCAG = Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
 Applies to Web pages, sites, applications
 For:
• Web developers and designers,
• Authoring tool and evaluation tool
developers, and
• Others who need a technical standard.
• (not for novices)
What WCAG 2 gives you
 International,
cooperatively developed
Web standard
Who develops WCAG
 The standards-making body for the Web
 International, multi-stakeholder development
 Formal process for broad community review
How WCAG is developed, Stage 1
WCAG Working Group development
WCAG 2.0 Working Draft
Community|Public review and comment
Improvements through revisions
For example, clearer with less jargon
 2006 Draft:
4.1.1 Web units or authored components can be
parsed unambiguously, and the relationships in the
resulting data structure are also unambiguous.
 2007 draft:
4.1.1 Parsing: Content implemented using markup
languages has elements with complete start and
end tags, except as allowed by their specifications,
and are nested according to their specifications.
Improvements through revisions
 Note new and improved documents:
• WCAG 2 FAQ
• WCAG 2.0 Quick Reference
• Summary of Issues, Revisions, and
Rationales for Changes to WCAG 2.0 2006
Last Call Draft
When will WCAG 2.0
be completed?
Milestones
 Working Drafts
 Last Call Working Draft
Milestones
 Public Working Drafts
 Last Call Working Draft
 Candidate Recommendation
• Implementations
 Proposed Recommendation
 W3C Recommendation =
Web Standard
Milestones
 How WAI Develops
Accessibility Guidelines
through the W3C Process:
Milestones and
Opportunities to Contribute
What WCAG 2 gives you
 WCAG 1.0 --> WCAG 2.0
WCAG 1.0
WCAG 2.0 WD
 Principles
 Guidelines
 Guidelines
WCAG 1.0
WCAG 2.0 WD
 Principles: POUR
 Guidelines
1. Perceivable
2. Operable
3. Understandable
4. Robust
 Guidelines
What WCAG 2 gives you
 Easier to understand success, that is:
more precisely testable
(still need human)
WCAG 1.0
WCAG 2.0 WD
 Principles: P-O-U-R
 Guidelines
 Guidelines
• Checkpoints
• Success Criteria
Priority 1, 2, 3
Level A, AA, AAA
Testable Example
 WCAG 1.0 Checkpoint
• 2.2 Ensure that foreground and
background color combinations provide
sufficient contrast when viewed by
someone having color deficits…
Screenshot
Testable Example
 WCAG 1.0 Checkpoint
• 2.2 Ensure that foreground and
background color combinations provide
sufficient contrast when viewed by
someone having color deficits…
 WCAG 2.0 Success Criteria
• Text (and images of text) have a
contrast ratio of at least 5:1…
(from the May 2007 Draft)
What WCAG 2 gives you
 Applies to more advanced Web technologies
- current, future, non-W3C
 Adaptable, flexible
for different situations,
and developing
technologies and techniques
WCAG 2.0 Document
 www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/
 Formal Web standard draft, planned to
become a “W3C Recommendation”
 “Normative”
Techniques document
 “Informative”
supporting document
 Examples for HTML, CSS, etc.
 Can be updated
WCAG 2.0 requirements
are more flexible
More design flexibility
 WCAG 1.0 Checkpoint 7.1:
Until user agents allow users to control
flickering, avoid causing the screen to flicker
WCAG 2.0 allows more movement within
defined parameters
 Bypass Blocks: A mechanism is available to
bypass blocks of content that are repeated
on multiple Web pages
Scripting allowed!
Scripting Techniques
 Providing client-side validation and alert
 Using functions of the Document Object
Model (DOM) to add content to a page
 Using Dynamic Web Content Accessibility to
programmatically identify form fields as
required
...
Flexibility for rich Internet
applications
 WAI-ARIA:
Accessible Rich Internet Applications Suite
 Techniques for meeting WCAG 2.0
 E.g., accessible and highly usable expanding
and collapsing menus/tree controls/nav bars
WAI-ARIA status


Implementations already in browser and
screen reader
Documents
1. Technical material for tool and
specification developers
2. Best practices for Web content
developers
Flexibility through
“Accessibility Supported
Technologies”
(formerly “Baseline”)
Accessibility Supported
 Technologies that:
• users' assistive technologies support
• the accessibility features in users’ browsers
and other user agents support
 “Technologies” here is web content
technologies, e.g., HTML, CSS, …
Changes over time
 1.5 Until user agents render text equivalents for
client-side image map links, provide redundant text
links for each active region of a client-side image
map.
 10.4 Until user agents handle empty controls
correctly, include default, place-holding characters
in edit boxes and text areas.
 10.5 Until user agents (including assistive
technologies) render adjacent links distinctly,
include non-link, printable characters (surrounded
by spaces) between adjacent links.
Flexibility for different situations
Situation A
Situation B
Flexibility for different situations
Situation A:
Internet for all
Flexibility for different situations
Situation A:
Internet for all
Situation B:
Internal for employees
Accessibility Supported
Accessibility Supported
 An established list of Web technologies
that an author can use to create
accessible Web content
Accessibility Supported
 An established list of Web technologies
that an author can use to create
accessible Web content
 Can use technologies outside of baseline, if
content is usable without
• That is, used for enhancement
What WCAG 2 gives you
 Extensive supporting materials,
- practical implementation guidance
WCAG 1.0
WCAG 2.0 WD
 Principles: P-O-U-R
 Guidelines
• Checkpoints
Priority 1, 2, 3
 Guidelines
• Success Criteria
Level A, AA, AAA
1.0 Support
2.0 Support
 Techniques
 Techniques +
 Understanding
Understanding document
 “Informative”
supporting document
 Reference manual
WCAG 2.0 technical documents
Understanding
WCAG 2.0
Techniques
WCAG 2.0 Quick Reference !
Quick Reference
Quick Reference content
Quick Reference
 Guidelines
 Success Criteria
Technique titles
WCAG 2.0
Techniques
Quick Reference links
Understanding
Quick Reference
 Guidelines
 Success Criteria
Technique titles
WCAG 2.0
Techniques
Success Criteria
Intro and discussion documents
Overview
WCAG 2 FAQ
Issues, Changes
What WCAG 2 gives you
 International, cooperatively developed
standard
 Applies to more advanced Web technologies
- current, future, non-W3C
 Adaptable, flexible for different situations,
and developing technologies and techniques
 More precisely testable
 Extensive supporting materials,
- practical implementation guidance
Accessibility
Accessibility
≠ WCAG
= people using Web
 WAI Resources
• How People with Disabilities Use the Web
• Involving Users in Web Accessibility
[Design and] Evaluation
 Videos
…
Achieving Web accessibility
 Understanding accessibility issues and
how people with disabilities use your site
 Using WCAG 2.0
…
Who is responsible for
Web accessibility?
Components of Web Accessibility
Web Content
(WCAG)
Components of Web Accessibility
Web Content
(WCAG)
User Agent
(UAAG)
Components of Web Accessibility
Web Content
(WCAG)
Authoring Tool
(ATAG)
User Agent
(UAAG)
Making accessibility
easier for site developers
and better for users!
Actively encourage
accessibility improvements
in tools
Action !
http://flickr.com/photos/ming2046/5749434/
What else you can do now
Action !
Get into WCAG 2.0 Drafts
START HERE with WCAG 2.0
Learning about it
Using it
Overview
Quick Reference
www.w3.org/WAI/
intro/wcag20.php
www.w3.org/WAI/
WCAG20/quickref/
Talked about today
1. What is WCAG
2. What WCAG 2 gives you
-
International, cooperatively developed standard
Applies to more advanced technologies
Clearer criteria
Flexible, adaptable
Practical implementation examples and info
3. Making accessibility easier & better
- Authoring tools and browsers
4. What you can do now
Questions?
 WCAG 2 FAQ
www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/wcag2faq
 WAI Interest Group mailing list
archive:
lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/w3c-wai-ig/
subscribe:
www.w3.org/WAI/IG/Overview.html#Uselist
Actively encourage real accessibility
Reward web sites, tools, developers,…
Thank you!
 W3C WAI
www.w3.org/WAI/
 Introduction to Web Accessibility
www.w3.org/WAI/intro/accessibility
 Understanding Web Accessibility[??non-W3C ok?]
www.uiaccess.com/understanding.html
 Developing a Web Accessibility Business Case for
Your Organization
www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/Overview
 How WAI Develops Accessibility Guidelines through
the W3C Process
www.w3.org/WAI/intro/w3c-process
 WAI Resources
www.w3.org/WAI/Resources/Overview
 Overview of WCAG 2.0 Documents
www.w3.org/WAI/intro/wcag20
 WCAG 2 FAQ
www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/wcag2faq
 WCAG 2.0 Quick Reference
www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG20/quickref/
 Summary of Issues, Revisions, and Rationales for
Changes to WCAG 2.0 2006 Last Call Draft
www.w3.org/WAI/GL/2007/05/change-summary
 WAI-ARIA Suite Overview
www.w3.org/WAI/intro/aria
Reference
WCAG 2.0 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
Update, S.L. Henry, et al., ed., World Wide Web
Consortium (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), September
2007. http://www.w3.org/@@
graveyard of other ideas follows
WCAG 2.0 technical documents
Understanding
WCAG 2.0
Introduction
Principles
Guidelines
Success Criteria
Conformance
Glossary
…
Techniques
WCAG 2.0 Quick Reference !
Quick Reference
WCAG 2.0 Quick Reference !
WCAG 2.0
Introduction
Principles
Guidelines
Success Criteria
Conformance
Glossary
…
Quick Reference
 Guidelines
 Success Criteria
Technique titles
Techniques
WCAG 2.0 Quick Reference !
Understanding
WCAG 2.0
Introduction
Principles
Guidelines
Success Criteria
Conformance
Glossary
…
Quick Reference
 Guidelines
 Success Criteria
Technique titles
Techniques