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Anti-Terrorist Force Protection: Harbor Tactical 3D Simulations for Risk, Consequence Assessment Don Brutzman International Maritime Protection Symposium 13 December 2005 Outline Motivation Business model, access considerations Agent-based tactics modeling Applications Cluster computations to support analyst X3D Graphics modeling Recommendations Motivation Defend against small-boat attack • Evolution of studies on USS COLE attack Assess risk, vulnerabilities, consequences, alternatives Analysis to support 3 classes of customers • Harbor defense funding priorities • Harbor operations, actual & projected • Ships entering port, joining defenders AT/FP technical approach Model tactical layout of harbor, facilities • Agent-based situated tactics for each player • 3D visualization Open standards and open source • NPS agent toolkit: discrete-event Simkit/Viskit • Extensible 3D (X3D) Graphics • Distributed Interactive Simulation Protocol Scalable, repeatable methodology • Suitable for data-driven production, repetition Business model Too many proprietary toolsets • High cost, not sustainable, not interoperable • Over time, essential data lost to further use Daylight encourages good behavior • Business-friendly open-source licensing • Repeatable capabilities extendable over Web Nothing succeeds like success • Use proven best practices, everyone wins Consortia partnerships essential Stable, evolving Web-based standards • Also need best practices • Capable partners, industry and individual Web3D Consortium • Real-time 3D communications using X3D • http://www.web3D.org World Wide Consortium for the Grid (W2COG) • http://www.w2cog.org Access considerations Hardest technical challenges are science and interoperation, not classification rules • F=MA, E=IR, et cetera, writ large & connected XML used for all data • Validatable, with self-describing metadata Build unclassified versions, preferably using public well-documented resources Modify data (not code) for classified use Key Technologies Extensible Markup Language (XML) • Validatable data, binary compression • Web Services for message exchange Extensible 3D (X3D) Graphics • ISO-approved interactive visualization Our approach • Demonstrate military value of new technology • Collaborate, implement, evaluate, report, repeat Extensible Markup Language XML in 10 Points XML XML XML be XML XML is for structuring data looks a bit like HTML is text, but isn't meant to read is verbose by design is a family of technologies 350+ member companies & institutions in World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) already understand the business case http://www.w3.org/XML/1999/XML-in-10-points XML is new, but not that new XML leads HTML to XHTML XML is modular XML is basis for RDF and the Semantic Web XML is license-free, platformindependent and wellsupported Potential problem: XML size, bandwidth Replacing data “stovepipes” with XML might be difficult since most tactical streams are highly compressed • Tactical showstopper for GIG architectures Common problem in many domains Candidate binary-XML solutions exist • NPS XSBC, Sun’s Fast Infoset, others • Continuing W3C working group effort provides metrics, use cases and process, working to produce: • Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) standard effort underway, where “efficient” = smaller + faster • http://www.w3.org/XML/Binary XML Schema-based Binary Compression (XSBC) XML encoding for validation benefits XML schema holds adequate information Tokenization of elements, attributes Strong data typing of value payloads Lossless More efficient than compressed numeric text XML Schema-based Binary Compression (XSBC) 4.2 MB 42.9 MB 85.6 MB 29.8 MB 3.5 MB smallest size, parsing speedup 4-7x !! typical compression originals Conclusion: XSBC size, speed already better than gzip! Extensible Modeling & Simulation Framework XMSF is Web services for all manner of M&S A composable set of standards, profiles, and recommended practices for web-based M&S Foundational precepts: Internet network technologies, Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based languages, and service-oriented architectures for simple messaging Enable a new generation of distributed M&S applications to emerge, develop, interoperate with tactical systems Many easily repeatable exemplars using Web Services http://www.MovesInstitute.org/xmsf Simkit, Viskit, Diskit Discrete Event Simulation (DES) Methodology, Open-Source Implementation Viskit tool for Simkit Visual tool for building, analyzing Simkit models Well-understood methodology for Discrete Event Simulation (DES) Professional quality Unlocks years of NPS studentresearch effort • with reduced programming Digitizing NPS courses for continued analyst use Simkit technical approach Well-tested Java class libraries • DES event queue runs quickly or in real time • Event graphs define classes of interest • Assembly instantiates entities, collects statistics Visual model • • • • Logical, inspectable definition of relationships Saved as validated XML Autogenerates Java source code Analysts get quality code (without being gurus) Attacker event graph 1 Attacker event graph 2 Visual model saved as XML XML model version converted to Java source, when needed by client or cluster Code generation from XML and corresponding Java compilation are immediate Viskit tactical scenarios Diverse real-world locations and military players Friendly, neutral and attacker entities 2D tactical layout with 3D visualization • Networked DIS for X3D playback Multiple scenarios under development • Indian Island refueling pier – “hello world” • ABOT oil terminal, Bremerton waterfront Warfighter understandability is essential Defender event graph Neutral shipping event graph Assembly connects event graphs Tactical supercomputing and linux cluster support for analysts Tactical supercomputing Trends Commodity processors Inexpensive networking Free, off-the-shelf, open-source software Cheap storage Internet web standards Leading to Cluster Supercomputers Inexpensive, deployable Scalable computing resource (just add PC boxes) Shared via web standards or standalone Tactical supercomputing Linux clusters can create new resources • • • • 5 off-the-shelf new PC boxes + disk storage $10K = 10 processors = 10 Gigaflop Refrigerator-rack footprint easily fits shipboard Industry can provide even higher capabilities Exploring intermediate-level resources for previously supercomputer-level problems • Consistent access via grid/web services Applied: Viskit Design of Experiments Cluster statisics via web page So what is a cluster good for? First test and view basic tactical scenarios, then Conduct massive replications for statistics • Analyst Design of Experiments (DOE) panel • Latin Hypercube scheme varies design points • Simulation “experiments” are repeatable due to pseudo-random number generator distributions But wait, there’s more… • Replay “outliers” to assess vulnerability, learn exactly why certain hostile scenarios succeeded X3D Graphics modeling ISO-standard 3D graphics interchange for the Web Emerging Application Suite SavageStudio authoring for creating scenarios • Builds both X3D scenes and Viskit assemblies Viskit discrete-event simulation tool • Distributed Interactive Simulation (DIS) protocol for real-time operation • Cluster control X3D visualization of scenario progress • using open-source Xj3D browser Analytic assessment report generator ABOT oil terminal Scenario snapshots Bremerton harbor Scenario snapshots Analytic assessment report generator Automatically integrate analytic products created during problem setup, exploration Prompt for analyst comments at appropriate locations in the report Success criteria: thorough, easy First study proposed: Pearl Harbor, 1Q 2006 • Thesis product, LT Pat Sullivan USN • Work in progress Related Work Autonomous Undermanned Vehicle Workbench AUV Workbench Underwater, air, surface unmanned vehicles Build scientific tactical decision aid (TDA) that includes full-fidelity physics of motion, collision, sensing • Rehearsal: mission planning • Reality: real-time tasking and monitoring • Replay: playback telemetry Multiple sponsors & partners Open source, open standards, new techology • Extensible 3D Graphics (X3D) for large worlds • XML, binary compression for GIG Web Services REMUS mission search, from above REMUS mission search, from behind Conclusions and Recommendations Conclusions, Recommendations Tool development is now mature enough to pursue combined modeling effort • Singapore: harbor, island, lines of approach • Straits of Malacca Open standards, open source for interoperability • Access + sharing issues appear sensitive, solvable Collaborative efforts welcome Contact Don Brutzman [email protected] http://web.nps.navy.mil/~brutzman Code USW/Br, Naval Postgraduate School Monterey California 93943-5000 USA 1.831.656.2149 voice 1.831.656.7599 fax