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Interface design Multimedia and Web Today’s Objectives Introduce User-Center Design Guidelines CSS Project portfolio page Defining ID Terms Defining ID User interface (UI): computer-mediated means to facilitate communication between human and an artifact. User Interface (UI) - means by which humans interact with a computer to fulfill a purpose. Communication Channel – something that mediates between the user and the computer. Controls input and output - translator Defining ID One approach to present a problem: Identify as many sets of any 3 numbers from 1 to 9 that sum to 15. e.g., 1, 9, 5 is one set because 1+9+5 = 15 Defining ID Identify as many sets of any 3 numbers from 1 to 9 that sum to 15. Here is another way to present the problem 4 3 8 9 5 1 2 7 6 Defining ID What makes an interface good? Defining ID What is a good interface? A good ID encourages an easy, natural, and engaging interaction between users and system… BUT Must be concerned with whether an interface is good, bad, or poor, etc. in relation to usability. User Centered Design Model & approaches What is User-Centered Design? Places the person (as opposed to the 'thing') at the center. Focuses on cognitive factors (such as perception, memory, learning, problem-solving, etc.) as they impact interactions. http://www.stcsig.org/usability/topics/articles/ucd%20_web_devel.html Waterfall Life Cycle Model Requirement Definition System & Software Design Implementation Unit Testing Integration & System Testing Operation & Maintenance Waterfall Life Cycle Model Requirement Definition User involvement System & Software Design Implementation Unit Testing Integration & System Testing • Sequential phases • Each phase complete before the next Operation & Maintenance Iterative design process e.g., Agile model User Testing Design Prototyping Iterative design process Design • Involve users throughout the process • Process is highly iterative User Testing Prototyping The Site Development Process Model Lynch & Horton Source: Lynch & Horton, http://webstyleguide.com/wsg3/1-process/7-development-process.html The Site Development Process Lynch & Horton • Broad input & participation in beginning. • Narrow focused team at the end. • Necessary, to finish your site on time and on budget. Source: Lynch & Horton, http://webstyleguide.com/wsg3/1-process/7-development-process.html User centered design Common approaches User-Centered Design Major activities: Understand/specify the context of use 2. Specify user and organization requirements 3. Create prototypes 4. Evaluate designs with users against requirements. 1. (British Standards Institution 1998; Stone, Jarrett, Woodroffe, & Minocha, 2005) www.usability.gov SOURCE: http://www.usability.gov/methods/process.html www.usability.gov SOURCE: http://www.usability.gov/methods/process.html User-Centered Design Major Steps 1. Requirements-definition - client gives developers information about functionality and requirements. 2. Establish design for the project. 3. Develop prototypes that reflect the emerging design, using the programming language or development environment. User-Centered Design Major Steps 4. Submit prototypes to client for feedback and modifications. 5. Revise prototypes to reflect the client’s changes. 6. Repeat steps 3 and 5 for additional part of the system. User-Centered Design Seeks to answer questions about users and their tasks and goals such as: Who are the users of this 'thing'? What are the users’ tasks and goals? What are the users’ experience levels with this thing, and things like it? How can the design of this ‘thing’ facilitate users' cognitive processes? User-Centered Design What hardware, software, and browsers do the users have? What relevant knowledge and skills do the users already possess? What functions do the users need from this interface? How do they currently perform these tasks? Why do the users currently perform these tasks the way they do? What information might the users need and in what form? What do users expect from this Web site? How do users expect this interface will work? Site Development Process (Lynch & Horton) Site definition and planning Information architecture Site design Site construction Site marketing Tracking, evaluation, and maintenance Source: Lynch & Horton, http://webstyleguide.com/wsg3/1-process/index.html The Site Development Process Lynch & Horton Source: Lynch & Horton, http://webstyleguide.com/wsg3/1-process/7-development-process.html Site Development Process (Lynch & Horton) The first step to design web site is to define your goals. Careful planning and a clear purpose are the keys to success in building web sites, particularly when working with a development team. Source: Lynch & Horton, http://webstyleguide.com/wsg3/1-process/index.html Site Development Process (Lynch & Horton) Step 1: Gather development team, analyze needs/goals, and work through development process to refine plans. Source: Lynch & Horton, http://webstyleguide.com/wsg3/1-process/index.html Site Development Process (Lynch & Horton) Step 2: Create charter document: what you intend to do and why, what technology and content you’ll need, how long will process take, how much you will spend, and how you will assess the results of your efforts. Source: Lynch & Horton, http://webstyleguide.com/wsg3/1-process/index.html Site Development Process (Lynch & Horton) Charter document is crucial to creating a successful site: Charter document is blueprint and will help keep project focused on the agreed-on goals and deliverables. Design guidelines Home: Communicating the purpose Design guides • Try to accommodate a majority (95%) of all users. • As of Jan. 2008, 48% of users had screen resolution set at 1024x768; and 38% had it higher. • As of Jan. 2009, 36% of users had screen resolution set at 1024x768; and 57% had it higher. • 1024 x 768 is still one of the most popular screen resolutions in 2009 (others 1280 x 800, 1280 x 1024, 1680 x 1050 & 1440 x 900) • Ensure all testing of sites is done using the most common screen resolutions. Source Research-Based Web Design & Usability Guidelines US Government Usability Guidelines; http://www.w3schools.com/ Display Resolution (Jan 2008) Source: W3Schools:, Web Statistics and Trends: http://www.w3schools.com/browsers/browsers_display.asp Display Resolution Jan. 2009 Source: W3Schools: Web Statistics and Trends: http://www.w3schools.com/browsers/browsers_display.asp Browsers (July 2008) Source: W3Schools:, Web Statistics and Trends: http://www.w3schools.com/browsers/browsers_display.asp Browser Use July 2009 Source: W3Schools: Web Statistics and Trends: http://www.w3schools.com/browsers/browsers_display.asp Design guidelines: Home Many people have screen resolutions of 1024X768. In time, 1024X768 will be the smallest. Width: design pages at roughly 984 pixels for 1024X768 resolution. Width: design pages at roughly 760 pixels for 800X600 resolution. Design guidelines: Home Show company name or logo in a reasonable size and location on the home page. Include a tag line. Indicate what your site does that is valuable from users’ perspectives. Give prominence to the highest priority tasks (e.g., purchase books, check stock quotes, etc). Make the home page distinct from other pages. Design guidelines Liquid design rather than frozen. Page length: roughly two full screens. Don’t cram everything on one page. Make sure important features are “above the fold” Design guidelines Logo – upper left Logo is a link to the home page on all pages except the home page. Logo size roughly 74px X 74px Design guidelines Search – upper portion of screen – upper right Search on every page Search box 35 characters wide Cascading Style Sheets CSS Cascading Style Sheets HTML was not meant to specify an exact appearance for your Web pages. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) allows you to specify more information about the appearance of elements on a Web page. Zen Garden Structure and style Structure document with html <ul><ol><dl> <h1..6> <p> <div> <span> Focus on content and organization first. All documents should be readable without CSS. Structure and style Use styles to attached to block in document (<h1>, <p>, <div>, <span>…) Use classes for repeated styles Use IDs to style a specific section Cascading Style Sheets A style sheet is a set of one or more rules that apply to an HTML document. h1 { color : red; } Cascading Style Sheets Why use styles? Cascading Style Sheets Update the look of a Web site by changing a single document. Keep content separate from styling. Greater typography and page layout control Easier site maintenance External Styles <link rel="styleSheet" type"text/css" href="styles.css“ /> page2.htm page1.htm index.htm • Make changes page3.htmfrom a single document • Changes multiple documents Style.css page7.htm page6.htm page4.htm page5.htm Rules, Selectors, Declarations CSS The Rule h1 {color : #c0c0c0;} Rule The Rule Rule h1 {color : #c0c0c0;} Selector Declaration The Declaration Has two parts separated by a colon: Property - that part before the colon Value - that part after the colon h1 {color : #c0c0c0; } The Declaration Curly brackets { } help distinguish between selector, property, and value Colon separates property and values Semicolon separates declarations h1 {color : #c0c0c0;} The Declaration Subject Verb The level 2 header’s text is blue. Adjective Object The Declaration Subject Verb = “to be” h2 { color : blue;} Object Adjective Combining Rules h1 { color : red; } h2 { color : red; } h3 { color : red; } h1, h2, h3 { color : red; } Types of Style Sheets Inline Styles <h1 style="color:#ff0000">Heading text is red</h1> Embedded Styles <style type ="text/css"> body { background-color: #000000; color: #FFFFFF;} </style> External Styles (browser waits for styles before page) <link rel=“stylesheet” type=“text/css” href=“mystyle.css /> Imported Styles (styles applied after page renders) @import url(Layout_A.css); Types of selectors 1. HTML selector h1 {color : red ;} 2. Class selector .highlight h1.highlight 3. Dependent classes ID selector #site_info Classes Classes (applies to more than one type of element – several different styles for the same element.) .mytext {font-family : Verdana; font-size : 1.5em;} <p class=“mytext”>Hello World</p> Dependent Classes .highlight {background-color : green;} h1.highlight {text-transform : uppercase;} /*if highlight class is used with h1, it has green background color and uppercase*/ ID Selector id Selector Use to apply a CSS rule to ONE element on a Web page. <style type="text/css"> #new { color: #FF0000; font-size:2em; font-style: italic; } </style> Configure with #idname The sample creates an id called “new” with red, large, italic text. To use the id, code the following XHTML: <p id=“new”>This is text is red, large, and in italics</p> 64 CSS Typography Five properties control font characteristics font-family font-style font-weight font-size font-family Value is a list of font names in decreasing order of preference p { font-family: "The Sans", Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; } Names separated by a space should be in “ “ The font-size Property em or percentage font sizes – these can be easily enlarged in all browsers by users Use Ex: http://webstyleguide.com/wsg3/1-process/6-types-of-sites.html Leading line-height Use property specifies leading percentage (150%), ratio (1.5) or ems (1.5em) to specify leading relative to font size Alignment text-align property can take values left, right, center or justify body { text-align: left; } p.display { text-align: center; } CSS Guidelines Review the design of the page Configure global font and color properties for the body selector Identify typical elements (such as <h1>, <h3>, and so on) and declare style rules for these if needed. Identify page areas such as logo, navigation, footer, and so on – configure an appropriate class or id for each. CSS Guidelines Create a prototype page that contains most of the elements you plan to use and test. Once your design is set – move styles to an external .css file Planning and testing are important activities when designing a Web site <div id=“wrapper”> <div id=“header”> </div <div id=“sideBarLeft”> </div> <div id=”mainContent”> </div> <div id=“footer”> </div> </div> Box Model Wrapper Header Side Bar Left Footer Main Content