Download Values

MULTICULTURAL
INFLUENCES IN HRD
(DCE5130)
SEMESTER ONE 2013/2014
F2F I (8 SEPT. 2013)
PART 2
CULTURE
-DEFINITION
CULTURE
-definitions (Sociologists )
• as regularities based on interaction —
norms for behavior, long standing and
widely held values, beliefs and practices -as
stable.
• Society -social relationships existing at a
given point in time
• Boudon et. al 1989
CULTURE
-definitions (Anthropologists )
• as including THINGS as well as the
attitudes, values, and beliefs
• behavioral traits + all produced artifacts tools, art, books and texts etc
• Not stable - constant process of change
• Malinowski (founders of Anthropology)
CULTURE
-definitions (Anthropologists )
How do Cultures?
I. Growth
technological growth
population growth
evolution?
Knowledge development
Internal contradictions (feminism, civil rights movement)
II. Culture contact (change (cultural diffusion))
diffusion - spread, trade, war
Invasion succession
acculturation
assimilation
III.Decay
Cultural Genocide
Transformation into something different
Decline and decadence
CULTURE
-definitions (Humanities )(CARE)
• cult (Latin)-tend, care for
• Cultus -care cultivation
• "An educated man is not always a cultured man,
although a cultured man is usually educated ... the
cultured man is not merely the knowledgeable
man, but the man who uses his knowledge
humanely“(Ashley Montagu)
• a study of achievement and development or the
higher aspects of civilization- arts, architecture,
music, dance, literature, history, and philosophy
etc.
• "The total, generally organized way of life,
including values, norms, institutions, and
artifacts, that is passed on from generation
to generation by learning alone."
• http://courses.ed.asu.edu/margolis/spf301.ht
ml
• Koentjaraningrat (1970)
• Kebudayaan berasal daripada perkataan Sanskrit
'buddhayah' iaitu bentuk jamak dari 'buddhi' yang
bererti 'budi' atau 'akal'. Kebudayaan dapat
diertikan sebagai 'hal-hal yang bersangkutan
dengan akal'.
• "keseluruhan dari kelakuan dan hasil kelakuan
manusia yang teratur oleh tatakelakuan yang harus
diperoleh dengan cara belajar."
• Edward B. Taylor ( 1871)
"satu keseluruhan sistem yang kompleks
yang mengandungi ilmu pengetahuan,
kepercayaan, kesenian, kesusilaan, undangundang ,adat resam dan kebolehankebolehan lain, serta kebiasaan yang
diperoleh oleh manusia sebagai anggota
masyarakatnya."
• Lucy Mair (1965)
"milik bersama sesuatu masyarakat yang
mempunyai tradisi yang sama."
Horskovit
"is a way of life atau satu cara hidup."
• Budaya itu adalah satu cara hidup yang merujuk
kepada tamadun sesuatu masyarakat yang diwarisi
dan bersifat dinamik. Di samping itu ada unsurunsur menerima dan menolak yang dipraktikkan
oleh sesuatu masyarakat dalam satu keseluruhan
kehidupan yang meliputi ilmu pengetahuan,
kepercayaan, kesenian, kesusilaan, adat resam,
undang-undang, ekonomi, dan sistem simbol yang
menjadi milik bersama.
SCHEIN’S
definition of culture
• shared solutions to universal problems of
external adaptation (how to survive) and
internal integration (how to stay together) which have evolved over time and are
handed down from one generation to the next
– Schein, 1985
• emic, universal problems where the solution
is unique for a particular group , etic
• why do people behave as they do?
• Basic assumption, WELTANSCHAUUNG
DEFINING CULTURE
……. the collective programming
of the body, mind and spirit which
distinguishes members of one
group (nation, ethnic group,
company or category) of people
from another.
(born into, assimilation,
acculturation, immersion)(Asmah,
1996)
is learned behavior and is transmitted by education
KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
1. Symbols (Simbol)
2. Rituals (Upacara amal)
3. Heroes (Peranan
Ketua/Wira)
4. Values (Nilai)
5. Underlying Assumptions
(Andaian Dasar)
ICEBERG
THE ICEBERG ANALOGY OF CULTURE
Delights
Symbols,
Rituals and heroes
Seen,
Explicit
Unseen,
Implicit
Puzzles and Irritations
Values and Underlying Assumptions
Conscious
Symbols, rituals
and role models
Unconscious
Values and
Underlying assumptions
The roots
Akar umbi
1. SYMBOLS
2. RITUALS
3. HEROES
Lim Goh Tong
KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
SYMBOLS
What we can see and hear…language, objects, jargon, objects, ways of
dressing
RITUALS
How do we do things…meetings, celebrations
ROLE MODELS
Who are our heroes/heroines
PRACTICES
Overt behaviors to
demonstrate values
VALUES
What we believe in..
shoulds, oughts, and musts
inferred from our
behaviours
PRACTICES
Overt behaviors to
demonstrate values
UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS
ways of perceiving, thinking and evaluating the world around us
4. VALUES
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ex:
Harmony, Family centeredness
Respect for elders, Polite behavior
Humility, Religious, Prosperity
Hardwork, Shame, Wealth, Risk taking,
Champion of causes, Teamwork
5. UNDERLYING
ASSUMPTION
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
We
Harmony
Relationship
Hierarchy
Shame
High context communication
Polychronic time orientation
Religious/Spritual
LINKING KEY ELEMENT OF CULTURE
SAFETY (VALUE)
WEALTH, philanthropy (VALUE)
KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE:
Malay
Symbols
Malay house, verandah. color green, salam, songkok,
selendang, keris. Kiss hand of elders
Rituals
Greetings, salutations, praying slaughtering/halal food, eating
with fingers, Open House for Hari Raya, adat formalities protocol
Heroes
Penghulus, Imam, village elders, Dr Mahathir Mohamed,
Values
Harmony, Family centeredness, Respect for elders, Polite
behavior, Humility, Modesty, Showing gratitude, Religious
Underlying assumptions:
Man’s relationship with Nature
Eco-friendly, harmony with others
Man’s relationship with people
Relationship orientation, Group oriented,
Shame driven, Hierarchical
Man’s relationship with God
Belief in both acquired and revealed knowledge
KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE:
Chinese
Symbols
Fengshui, Red color, Dragon, Tiger, Lantern, Expensive
cars
Rituals
Tea ceremony, Lion dance, Cheng beng ceremony,
Joystick praying, Reunion dinners
Heroes
Confucius, scholars, Educators, Sun Tzu,
businesspersons, Parents
Values
Education, Prosperity, Harmony, Family
centeredness, Respect for elders, Hardwork, Shame,
Wealth, Face saving, Food, Risk taking
Underlying assumptions:
Man’s relationship with Nature
Man’s relationship with people
Man’s relationship with God
Harmony driven
Relationship orientation,
Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism
KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE:
Indians
Symbols
Banana leaf, coconut leaves, sarees, pottu, kolam
Rituals
Offering garlands, chewing beetle leaves, bangle ceremony
Heroes
Parents, film stars, spiritual figures, teachers, union leaders
Values
God fearing, Spirituality, Harmony, Family centeredness,
Respect for elders, Hardwork, Champion of causes
Underlying assumptions:
Man’s relationship with Nature
Harmony driven
Man’s relationship with people
Relationship orientation, Hierarchical
Man’s relationship with God
Karma, Hinduism
KEY ELEMENTS OF CULTURE:
Americans
Symbols
Eagle - freedom, strength, individuality, Flag. Big Mac,
Disney, Coke
Rituals
Holidays. Independence Day, Thanks giving, Going to Church
on Sundays
Heroes
Founding fathers, Martin Luther King, Athletes, Entertainers
Values
Task orientation, Individualism, Punctuality, Money, Privacy,
Competitiveness,
Underlying assumptions:
Man’s relationship with Nature
Control, Mastery
Man’s relationship with people
Individualism, Task driven, Monochronic time,
Low context, Guilt, Equality
Man’s relationship with God
Secular
CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN UNDERSTANDING MALAYSIANS
Anglos
Malaysians
Indians
Task
8
Control
7
Chinese
Malays
Relationships
Harmony
Shame
Guilt
6
Separated Self
5
Related Self
Secular
4
Religious
Equality
3
Hierarchy
Monochronic Time
2
Polychronic Time
Low Context
1
High Context
@asma
n: 1000
Part 4
Key concepts and theories in the field of cross cultural/multicultural mgt.
Accommodation
Acculturation
Affirmative action
Assimilation
Assumptions
Attribution theory
Collectivism
Colonization
Consensus
Context: Low/ High
Control
Corporate
Cross cultural
Culture
Diversity
Egalitarian
Emic-Etic
Ethnocentricism
Face saving
Globalization
Guilt
Harmony
Hierarchy
Homogeneity
Indigenization
Individualism
Industrialization
Ingroup-outgroup
Intercultural
Internalization
Intracultural
Related self
Relationship orientation
Rituals
Role models/heroes
Locus of control:
Localization
Modernity
Modernization
Monochronic time
Multicultural
Task orientation
Particularism
Polychronic time
Power distance
Westernization
Secular
Sensitivity
Separated self
Shame
Socialization
Symbolic conformity
Symbols
Uncertainty avoidance
Universalism
Values
Terima Kasih
Tashako
ur
(Mammnoun&
Xie Xie
Merci )
Nandree
mamnon
Shukran
Thank You
@asma