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When Heredity Follows Different Rules Horses and dogs are examples of animals where breeders have created pure breeds. In many plants, crossing pure breeds results in bigger and more productive hybrids. 1) Complete Dominance Mendelian Inheritance or complete dominance - Occurs when heterozygous and homozygous dominant individuals have the **. So…If T = Tall and t = short, then Tt and TT ** be tall and if B = brown and b = blue, then Bb and BB will both have brown eyes 2) Incomplete Dominance • Occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygous individual is a blend that of the two homozygous individuals. • Uses capitol letters for both dominant and recessive. Use ‘ to distinguish recessive. Example: a snapdragon plant R = Red (dominant) allele R’ = white (recessive) allele Cross red (RR) with white (R’R’) RR R’R’ R’R’ RR’ RR’ RR RR’ RR’ Genotype: 4 RR’ = 4 heterozygous Phenotype: PINK The offspring are pink because that color is in between 2 homozygous phenotypes Red (RR) White (R’R’) Offspring: All pink flowers • An example of this in humans is hair type. HH = curly HH’ = wavy H’H’ = straight 3) Co-dominance This is when the phenotypes of both homozygous individuals are expressed equally in a heterozygous individual. Example: feather color B = black feathers W= white feathers X = • If we crossed a pure black (BB) with a pure white (WW) what would we get? B W BW B BW Genotype: 4 BW = 4 heterozygous Phenotype: Black and white BW BW W BW = both black and white X = Co-dominance in Humans • Blood Type is an example of codominance in humans. • It is determined by the presence or absence of antigens on surface of blood cell. • A and B are co-dominant and both are dominant to type O. What’s in your blood?... Human Blood Types Phenotype Genotype Blood cell surface molecules Type A IAIA or IAi A molecule Type B IBIB or IBi B molecule Type AB IAIB A and B molecules Type O ii No molecules Blood Typing • Alleles IA and IB –are co-dominant to each other • Allele i (type O) –is recessive to both IA and IB • O blood—universal donor • AB blood—universal acceptor Cross parent with heterozygous A ( IAi) blood with a parent with heterozygous B blood (IBi) IA IB i IAIB IAi i IBi ii Genotype: IAIB IAi IBi ii Phenotype (Blood type): AB A(carrier of O) B(carrier of O) O Cross parent with type O blood (ii)with a parent with homozygous B blood (IBIB) i IB IB IBi IBi i IBi IBi Genotype: 4 IBi Phenotype (Blood type): B Blood Facts • Almost 40% of the population has O+ blood • Patients with Type O blood must receive Type O blood • About half of all blood ordered by hospitals in our area is Type O • Type O blood is the universal blood type and is the only blood type that can be transfused to patients with other blood types • Only about 7% of all people have Type O negative blood • Type O negative blood is the preferred type for accident victims and babies needing exchange transfusions • There is always a need for Type O donors because their blood may be transfused to a person of any blood type in an emergency Type You Can Give Blood To You Can Receive Blood From A+ O+ B+ AB+ AOBAB- A+ AB+ O+ A+ B+ AB+ B+ AB+ AB+ A+ A- AB+ ABEveryone B+ B- AB+ ABAB+ AB- A+ A- O+ O O+ O B+ B- O+ O Everyone A- OOB- OAB- A- B- O Multiple Alleles Multiple alleles--not all traits are only controlled by 2 alleles, some traits are controlled by several different alleles – Example: In human blood typing there are three alleles, A, B and O Example. Mouse hair color is controlled by different alleles, black, brown, gray, albino, etc… Polygenic Traits • Poly = many -genic = genes • Many traits are controlled by two or more genes which often have 2 or more alleles. – Examples: skin color, eye color, height Let’s look at skin color. Let’s say only 3 genes (we’re not sure how many) code for skin color and the alleles would be: AABBCC = dark skin color aabbcc = light skin color Any combination of those alleles would produce up to 7 different phenotypes (not including exposure to the sun)