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Lecture 2 Genetics and Prenatal Development DEP 2004 & 2004H Human Development Across the Lifespan Erica Jordan, Ph.D., University of West Florida School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences S Lecture Guiding Questions S How do genes influence behaviors? S What are the major stages of prenatal development? S What risks factors are associated with prenatal development? Adapted from Arnett's (2012) Human Development: A Cultural Approach & Kail & Cavanaugh's Human Development: A Life-Span View How do genes influence behaviors? S Behavior Genetics: the branch of genetics that deals with inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits S Traits controlled by a single gene typically produce one of two outcomes (either - or) S Most behavioral and psychological traits are more complex S S S Possible phenotypes fall along a continuum or have multiple possibilities Result from the instructions/interactions of separate genes—polygenic inheritance Influence of each specific gene involved is very difficult to determine Adapted from Arnett's (2012) Human Development: A Cultural Approach & Kail & Cavanaugh's Human Development: A Life-Span View Research Methods Commonly Used to Study Behavioral Genetics S Twin studies S Comparison of monozygotic twins (identical and from the same fertilized egg) and dizygotic twins (fraternal and from different eggs). S Characteristics commonly shared by monozygotic twins that are often different in dizygotic twins are typically inherited. Adapted from Arnett's (2012) Human Development: A Cultural Approach & Kail & Cavanaugh's Human Development: A Life-Span View S Adoption studies S Comparing adopted children alongside their biological parents and their adoptive parents. S Studying DNA S Taking samples of DNA from individuals who differ in some way then examining the DNA for differences. Adapted from Arnett's (2012) Human Development: A Cultural Approach & Kail & Cavanaugh's Human Development: A Life-Span View More about the way genes influence behaviors: 1. The behavioral consequences of genetic instructions depend on the environment in which those instructions are implemented. - A specific genotype does not always lead to the same phenotype. - Reaction range—range of potential phenotypes for a specific genotype. - Heritability estimate—extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among people; range from 0 to 1.00. Adapted from Arnett's (2012) Human Development: A Cultural Approach & Kail & Cavanaugh's Human Development: A Life-Span View 2. Heredity and environment interact dynamically throughout development. 3. Genes can influence the kind of environment to which a person is exposed. - Responses from others - Niche picking—refers to how people seek out their own environments based on their interests and strengths Adapted from Arnett's (2012) Human Development: A Cultural Approach & Kail & Cavanaugh's Human Development: A Life-Span View 4. Environmental influences typically make children within a family different. - Siblings often have similar experiences - Nonshared environmental influences also occur Adapted from Arnett's (2012) Human Development: A Cultural Approach & Kail & Cavanaugh's Human Development: A Life-Span View The Theory of Genotype Environment Effects S Passive genotype environment effects S Evocative genotype environment effects S Active genotype environment effects Adapted from Arnett's (2012) Human Development: A Cultural Approach & Kail & Cavanaugh's Human Development: A Life-Span View From Conception to Birth S Prenatal Development S The changes that turn a fertilized egg into a newborn human Adapted from Arnett's (2012) Human Development: A Cultural Approach & Kail & Cavanaugh's Human Development: A Life-Span View Period of the Zygote (Week 1 - 2) S Zygote: fertilized egg Adapted from Arnett's (2012) Human Development: A Cultural Approach & Kail & Cavanaugh's Human Development: A Life-Span View Period of the Embryo (Week 3 - 8) S Begins when zygote is completely embedded in the uterine wall. Adapted from Arnett's (2012) Human Development: A Cultural Approach & Kail & Cavanaugh's Human Development: A Life-Span View Period of the Fetus (Weeks 9 - 38) S Final and longest phase of prenatal development. Begins when cartilage begins to turn to bone and ends at birth. Adapted from Arnett's (2012) Human Development: A Cultural Approach & Kail & Cavanaugh's Human Development: A Life-Span View Common Genetic Disorders S Sickle-cell desease S PKU S Huntington’s disease S Down syndrome S Klinefelter’s syndrome S Turner’s syndrome S XYY complement S XXX syndrome Adapted from Arnett's (2012) Human Development: A Cultural Approach & Kail & Cavanaugh's Human Development: A Life-Span View Risks to Prenatal Development S Parents’ age S Nutrition S Stress S Disease S Drugs S Environmental hazards S Teratogens—agents that cause abnormal prenatal development Adapted from Arnett's (2012) Human Development: A Cultural Approach & Kail & Cavanaugh's Human Development: A Life-Span View Teratogens: Five Principles Adapted from Arnett's (2012) Human Development: A Cultural Approach & Kail & Cavanaugh's Human Development: A Life-Span View