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Human Heredity How can you study human heredity? Studying human heredity Population sampling determines how often a trait appears in a small, randomly selected group. This percentage is then applied to the entire population to predict the number of individuals with that trait. Studying human heredity Pedigrees graphically record inheritance of a single trait over several generations. Typically, the occurrence of the trait is determined based on family/historical documents, interviews, photographs, & medical records Pedigrees Specific shapes are used to represent individuals in a pedigree Individual Female Male With Trait Without Trait Pedigrees Connecting lines are used to indicate relationships among individuals within the family P1 parental F1 first filial F2 Second filial Fill It In … Draw a pedigree that shows a mom and dad that have two girls, one boy. The boy is married. Indicate that all the males have the trait. Pedigrees Pedigrees demonstrate the pattern of inheritance (dominant/recessive , sex-linked) of the single trait. Pedigrees Pedigrees can be interpreted to determine the presence of carriers (individuals who do not express the trait but may pass the gene on to offspring) Pedigrees Example: The two parents (P1 generation) must have been carriers (Bb) for a recessive trait. Neither showed the trait, but they had a child with the trait (bb). Fill It In … Signs a pedigree shows a trait that is … Recessive Sex-linked - Practice Pedigree Type O blood is recessive to Type A and B blood. Tom had type B blood and married Shana, who had type A blood. Together, they had 2 children: Cherith (type O) and Bryan (type AB). Bryan married Ali (type O) and they had two children: Christian (type A) and Jon (who could not donate blood to Christian). Ali had an affair with Trent, who was homozygous for blood type A. Ali and Trent had a child with type A blood. Check Yourself! 1. In a pedigree, what shape represents a male? 2. What are lines used to indicate in a pedigree? 3. What do pedigrees tell us about the inheritance of a trait in a family? Check Yourself! 1. In a pedigree, what shape represents a male? SQUARE 2. What are lines used to indicate in a pedigree? 3. What do pedigrees tell us about the inheritance of a trait in a family? Check Yourself! 1. In a pedigree, what shape represents a male? SQUARE 2. What are lines used to indicate in a pedigree? RELATIONSHIPS AMONG INDIVIDUALS 3. What do pedigrees tell us about the inheritance of a trait in a family? Check Yourself! 1. In a pedigree, what shape represents a male? SQUARE 2. What are lines used to indicate in a pedigree? RELATIONSHIPS AMONG INDIVIDUALS 3. What do pedigrees tell us about the inheritance of a trait in a family? PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE (DOMINANT/RECESSIVE OR SEX-LINKED) PRESENCE OF CARRIERS