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Physical Growth Maturation and Aging Changing Individual Constraints across the Life Span KNPE 578 Class # 3 Chapter 3 Dr. Clersida Garcia Growth and Aging Change Individual Constraints Genetic and ________ factors combine to influence growth and aging. In growth and aging we observe patterns. ___________: patterns that hold for all humans (growth spurt) ___________: individual variation (Same age different timing) It is important to know the _______________and the ________ of variation With this knowledge, educators and therapists can make tasks developmentally appropriate. Prenatal Development The growth process ________the instance an ovum (egg) and spermatozoon _____ __ fertilization Early development is under the control of______ -Normal development -Inherited abnormal development The embryo or fetus is sensitive to ________ factors. Positive effects—Deliver of proper nutrients Negative effects--Certain viruses and drugs in the mother bloodstream Prenatal Growth: Two Phases Embryonic Development From __________ to ___ weeks Fetal Development From ___weeks to_______ Embryonic Development Occurs from conception to 8 weeks. Cells _____________ to form specific tissues and organs. Limbs are formed at ___ weeks. Human form is notable at ____ week. Implantation Fetal Development Occurs from __ weeks until ______. Continued growth by hyper______ (increased number of cells) and hyper______ (increased size of cells). Growth is cephalocaudal (_____ __ ____) and proximodistal (_____ __ ___). There is a degree of __________ (capability of taking on a new function). Fetal Nourishment Oxygen and nutrients diffuse between fetal and maternal blood in the ___________. Poor _________ health status can affect the fetus. Abnormal Prenatal Development The source of abnormal development can be ________ or __________. ___________ defects are those present at birth from either a genetic or extrinsic source. Genetic Causes of Abnormal Development Genetic abnormalities can be _________ disorders (defective gene from one parent) or __________ disorders (defective gene from each parent). Genetic abnormalities can result from _________ of a gene. Their effects on growth and maturation are __________. Extrinsic Causes of Abnormal Development ___________ factors can affect the fetus through nourishment or the physical environment. _____________ are substances delivered through the nourishment system that act as ______________-producing agents. Some teratogenic effects result from ____ ______ of a substance; some result from _____ ______. Extrinsic Causes of Abnormal Development (continued) The placenta screens some substances, such as ______ viruses, but not all harmful substances. Pressure, __________, ____rays and gamma rays, ________-deficient atmospheres, and pollutants are among the harmful environmental factors. ________ undergoing ________ development at the time of exposure are the most vulnerable. Postnatal Development Overall growth follows the _________ (or Sshaped) pattern. Timing of _______ and _______ periods can vary among individuals. Timing differs between _________. Measuring Growth in Length and Stature ____________ length is measured from birth until a child is able to stand Measured from the vertex (highest point on _____) to the soles of the _____ Measuring Growth in Length and Stature _________ or standing height is measured between the ______ and the _______ Preferred measurement of body _______ Measuring Growth in Length and Stature Stature can be estimated in the elderly and/or disabled populations from recumbent ______ height Calculation of Stature from Knee Height Stature Men 65.19 – (0.04 x age) + (2.02 x knee height) Stature Women 84.88 – (0.24 x age) + (1.83 x knee height) Growth in Length and Stature Plots accumulative growth over time (_______ ______) Height Follows the ________ pattern. Girls Peak height velocity occurs at _____ to ____ years. Growth in height tapers off around ____, ends around ____. Boys Peak height velocity occurs at _____ to _____ years. Growth in height tapers off around ___, ends around _____. _______ _______ period of males contributes to absolute height differences. Distance Curve of Growth in Height Velocity Curves for Height Weight Follows the _________ pattern. Weight is susceptible to _________ factors, especially ____ and ________. Peak weight velocity ________ peak height velocity by 2.5 to 5 months in boys and 3.5 to 10.5 months in girls (individuals grow ___ and then fill _____). Growth in Body Weight Typical _________ _________ for body weight D_______ Curve of Growth in Weight Relative Growth The body as a whole follows the _______ pattern, but specific parts, tissues, and organs have different growth rates. Body proportions change from a _____-heavy, short-______ form at _____ to adult proportions. In adolescence, _______ increase in shoulder breadth. Changes in Body Configuration Changes in body proportions with age Notice the great changes in the relative size of the head and lower limbs Physiological Maturation As children and youths become older, they grow in _____ and ________. Children vary in maturation _____. It is difficult to infer maturity from _____ alone, _____ alone, or _____ and _____ together. Secondary Sex Characteristics Appear as a function of maturation Appear at a younger age in ______ ____________ Extrinsic Influences on Postnatal Growth During periods of rapid growth, individuals are especially __________ to extrinsic factors. _______ _____ growth demonstrates extrinsic influences. Adulthood and Aging Height is _______ in adulthood but might decrease in older adulthood. Compression of the ________ pads ______________ The average adult starts gaining weight in the 20s. _____ and _______ Loss of _______ ______ Growth, Maturation, and Aging: Summary Prenatal development is under ________ and _________ influences. Most extrinsic factors are influential through the _____________ system. Growth ___________ can be caused by the genes, the environment, or both. (continued) Growth, Maturation, and Aging: Summary (continued Whole-body growth follows the ________ pattern, with timing differences between the sexes and among individuals. With advancing _____, extrinsic factors contribute more to individual __________. Assessment of Prenatal Growth Prenatal assessments can be __________: Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling Prenatal assessments can be _____________: Ultrasound is the most common. New imaging software constructs 3-D images. Assessment of Extent and Rate of Postnatal Growth D_________ curves show the ______ of growth. V_______ curves show the _____ of growth. Peaks on velocity curves show the age at which the rate of _______ ________ from faster to slower. Learning Activities Six groups of 4 students each: Find a name for your group & create a cheers with movements and words # 1. ____________ # 2. ____________ # 3. ____________ # 4. ____________ # 5. ____________ # 6. ____________ Learning Activity Activity # 1 Measure the Knee Height of two Group Members and compare to his/her standing height How close are the measures to the real height ? Learning Activity Activity # 2 Assessing growth Rate (handout) Discussion Questions What is the difference between a distance curve and a velocity curve ? What does each curve tell you about growth? Why are peaks in the velocity curves of interest? What areas of the fetus’s body advance first? In what direction does growth proceed? Describe gender differences in the curse of overall growth from infancy to adulthood