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Child Development
Chapter 4
Prenatal Development
Chapter 4
Section 1
The Developing Baby
1. Explain the process of conception using the
following terms: Fallopian tube, uterus, sperm,
ovum.
An ovum is released from the ovary.
 It travels through the Fallopian tube to the
uterus.
 Conception occurs if sperm reach the
Fallopian tube and penetrate and fertilize
the ovum.

2. Prenatal Development
Stage
Time Span
Development
Germinal
Conception to 2
weeks
Zygote forms/grows by cell division; zygote
implants in uterus
Embryonic
3rd thru 8th week
Embryo develops rapidly; major body systems
form; brain begins to control body systems.
Fetal
8th or 9th week thru
birth
Teeth/vocal cord buds develop;
digestive/kidney system develops; movement
begins; major organs become ready to
function; gains weight
3. Explain each of the following:

Amniotic fluid
– Liquid that fills the
sac that forms
around the
developing baby to
protect it.

Placenta
– Tissue rich in blood
vessels that forms
in the uterus
– Absorbs oxygen
and nourishment
from mother to
pass to baby.

Umbilical cord
– Tube that carries
nourishment and
oxygen from the
placenta to the
baby
4. Changes in mother during first 2
months of pregnancy
 Menstrual
period
stops
 Breasts swell
 Frequent
urination
 Possible nausea
 Fatigue
(tiredness)
5. What is lightening and when
does it occur?
Baby shifts
downward into the
birth canal.
 It occurs near the
end of the 40
weeks of
pregnancy.

Chapter 4
Section 2
A Closer Look at
Conception
6. What is heredity? Name 3
characteristics that can be hereditary.

Heredity – the
passing of
characteristics
from parents to
children through
genes.
– Hair color
– Eye color
– Blood type
7. Summarize the relationship between
chromosomes, genes, genomes, and DNA.




DNA – a complex
molecule that makes up
genes
Genes – the units that
determine a person’s
inherited characteristics
Chromosomes – tiny
threadlike structures
that are made up of
hundreds or thousands
of genes
Genome – the complete
genetic blueprint for the
creation of a person
8. Explain the difference between dominant and recessive
genes.


Dominant
– The stronger of the pair
of genes
– The characteristic it
determines will be
expressed when it is
paired with a recessive
gene
Recessive
– the weaker of the pair
of genes
– The characteristic it
determines will only be
expressed IF the person
has a second recessive
gene for that
characteristic
9. Which parent can provide either an X or a Y to
the baby? Which chromosome must come from
this parent for the child to be female?
The father
 The X chromosome

10. Explain how each of the
following occurs:

Identical twins
– Fertilized egg develops
into cell mass
– Cell mass splits in two
– Each part develops into
separate embryo

Fraternal twins
– Two separate eggs are
fertilized by two
separate sperm
– Two embryos form
11. What is the ONLY guaranteed
way to avoid pregnancy?
ABSTINENCE!!!!
ABSTINENCE!!!!
ABSTINENCE!!!!
A couple of definitions…
 Infertility
pregnant
– the inability to become
– Can occur in both men and women
 Surrogate
– a substitute mother who
becomes pregnant to have a baby for
another woman
12. Complete the following chart about
options for infertility.
Options
Description
Adoption
A child who is not biologically the
couple’s child becomes a part of
the family.
Artificial insemination
Sperm is injected into a woman’s
uterus.
In vitro fertilization
An egg from the woman is
removed and fertilized with
sperm from the man and then
placed in the woman’s uterus.
Ovum transfer
A fertilized egg from a donor is
placed in the woman’s uterus.
Surrogate mother
A woman become pregnant for a
woman who cannot have a baby.
13. What are 3 reasons a couple who want
children might not use these options?
 Personal
beliefs
 No specialists nearby
 Too expensive
Chapter 4
Section 3
Problems in Prenatal
Development
14.
 Miscarriage
20th week
– loss of a baby prior to
 Stillbirth – death of a baby
20th week of pregnancy
after the
15. Birth Defects




PKU – inability of body to
process a certain protein
Sickle cell anemia malformed red blood cells
interfere with oxygen
supply
Tay-Sachs disease – Lack
of a certain blood chemical
makes body unable to
process certain fats in
brain and nerve cells.
Down Syndrome – extra
chromosome 21 typically
results in mental
retardation
16. Causes of birth defects
Environment- poor nutrition, diseases,
harmful substances, medicines, exposure
to hazards
 Heredity – inheriting 2 defective recessive
genes, inheriting one defective dominant
gene
 Errors in chromosomes – having too few
or too many, broken, or rearranged
 Interaction of heredity and environment –
inherited genetic predisposition toward a
defect along with exposure to a hazard
during pregnancy

17. What does a genetic counselor
do?
 Uses
info from physical exams and
medical history to assess a couple’s
risk for having a child with certain
birth defects.
18. Prenatal tests
Test
Description
Risk
Alpha-fetaprotein
Mom’s blood is
No known risk
tested for abnormal
levels of protein
Ultrasound
Sound waves used
to make video
image
Amniocentesis
A small amount of
Some risk to fetus
amniotic fluid is
removed and tested
Chorionic villi
sampling
Tissue taken from
membrane that
encases fetus
No known risk
Moderate risk
Amniocentesis & Chorionic Villi
sampling
Chapter 4
Section 4
Avoiding Dangers to the
Baby
19. Compare the fetal alcohol syndrome
(FAS) and fetal alcohol effects?


Similarities
– Both caused by
consumption of
alcohol during
pregnancy
– Both cause many of
same problems
– 1 in 5 FAS babies
does not live to see
1st birthday
Differences
– FAS is more severe
Fetal Abuse: The Effects of Drugs and Alcohol 17 mins
Learning Disabilities Caused by FAS 3 mins.
20. Why is it critical to avoid taking
medications in the first 3 months of
pregnancy unless specifically prescribed?
The baby’s body
systems, including
the brain, are
forming.
 Chemicals in some
medications taken
at this time may
cause severe
harm, including
mental retardation.

21. Describe the possible effects on a baby of
each hazard listed below.



Caffeine
– Miscarriage
– Premature birth/Low birth
weight
– Infant death
Tobacco
– Low birth
weight/Premature birth
– Respiratory infections
– allergies
Cocaine
– Miscarriage
– Premature birth/Low birth
weight
– Stroke
– Heart attack
– Seizures, SIDS, tremors
– Sleep and feeding
difficulties
– Developmental delay
22. What is SIDS?

The sudden death of a baby under one
year of age with no clear cause.
SIDS 17 mins.
23. If an expectant mother needs X-rays
because of an accident, why should she tell
doctors that she is pregnant?
X-rays can harm the baby.
 Doctors can take precautions to limit the
baby’s exposure.

24. Give 3 examples of hazardous
substances pregnant women should avoid.
Paint
 Pesticides
 Lead
 Carbon monoxide
 Mercury
 Solvents
 Paint thinner

25. Infections during pregnancy
Infection
Possible effects on baby
Prevention
Rubella
Blindness, deafness, heart
disease, mental retardation
vaccine
Toxoplasmosis
Blindness, hearing loss, learning
disabilities, death, mental
disabilities, miscarriage,
stillbirth
Do not clean cat’s litter
boxes; don’t eat
undercooked meat;
wash hands thoroughly
after touching raw meat
Chicken pox
Skin scarring, limb defects, eye
problems
Get vaccine before
pregnant
STDs
Serious illnesses; physical
disabilities; death
Get tested and treated
AIDS
35-65% chance virus will pass
from mom to baby; Attacks the
brain; seizures, retarded,
mental development
Get tested