Download STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
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Deals with care and breeding of livestock that are
useful to human being.
New technology must be applied to achieve quality
and quality.
Dairy farm management
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Selection of good breeds
Provided proper shelter
Scientific way of feeding i.e. quality and quantity
of fodder.
Sufficient quantity of water
Maintenance of disease –free
Stringent cleanliness and hygiene
Poultry farm management
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Selection of disease free and suitable breeds
Proper feeds and water
Proper and safe farm conditions
Hygiene and health care
Bee keeping or Apiculture
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Knowledge of nature and habits of bee
Selection of suitable location of keeping beehives
Catching and hiving of swarms
Management of beehives during different seasons
Handling and collection of honey and beewax
Aim of animal breeding
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Increasing the quantity of yield
Improving the quality of produce
BREEDING
inbreeding
Breeding
Outbreeding
out crossing
Cross breeding
Interspecific hybridisation
Inbreeding
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Superior males and females of same breed are
identified and mated
Superior males and females of progeny are
identified for further mating
Increases homozygousity Pure line can be developed
Exposes harmful recessive alleles, which is eliminated
by selection.
Accumulate superior genes
Causes breeding depression
Out breeding
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Breeding of unrelated animals either of the same
breed or different breeds or different species.
Types of outbreeding- (a) outcrossing (b) crossbreeding (c) Interspecific hybridisation
Outcrossing
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Animals of same breed are mated having no
common ancestor on either side of their pedigree
up to 4-6 generation.
Overcomes inbreeding depression
Cross-breeding
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Superior males of one breed are mated with
superior females of another breed of same species.
Desirable qualities of two different breeds are
combined.
Interspecific hybridisation
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Male and female animals of two different species
are crossed.
Combine the desirable features of both parents
E.g. mule by a cross between a male donkey and
female horse
Artificial insemination
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Semen can be stored or frozen and used later
Easy for transportation to distant place
Semen from one bull can impregnate a number of
females
Multiple ovulation embryo transfer
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Cow is administered FSH to induce super ovulation,
production of 6-8 ova per cycle.
Mating of the same cow with selected bull or
artificially inseminated
Fertilised eggs at 8- 32 stage are recovered
Transfer of fertilised eggs to surrogate mother
Traits that breeder try to incorporate in
crop plant
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High yield
Better quality of produce
Increased tolerance to environmental stress
Resistance to pathogen
Increased tolerance to insect pests
Steps in plant breeding
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Germplasm collection
Evaluation and selection of parents
Cross breeding of selected parents
Selection and testing of superior recombinants
Testing, release and commercialization of new
cultivars
Crop varieties with increased
nutritional quality
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Lysine and tryptophan rich maize
High protein rich wheat
Iron fortified rice
Vitamin C rich bitter gourd, tomato. mustard,
bathua
Iron and calcium rich spinach and bathua
Vitamin A rich carrots, spinach and pumpkin
Single cell protein
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Microbes are grown on an industrial scale and used
as nutrient rich food. E.g. Spirulina.
Advantages:
SCPs are rich in proteins and low in fats.
They can be easily grown on cheaper materials like
wastewater, animal manure, molasses etc.
The use of waste water reduces pollution.’
They act as the supply of fertilizers, pesticides etc.
Tissue culture
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Technique of regeneration of whole plant from any part
of the plant by growing it on suitable culture medium
under aseptic conditions in vitro.
Advantages:
A number of plants can be grown in a short period of
time.
Healthy, disease free plant can be grown by meristem
culture.
Somatic hybrids can be raised by tissue culture, where
sexual hybridization is not possible.
Somatic hybridisation
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Process of fusion of protoplasts of somatic cells of
two different varieties or species
Steps- (a)isolation of protoplasts
(b)fusion of protoplasts
(c))growth of fused protoplasts to form
somatic hybrid
E.g. pomato
"Never worry about numbers.
Help one person at a time,
and always start with
the person nearest you."
- Mother Teresa