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Lecture 16 &17 Modification of plant nutrient content The Golden Rice Story • Vitamin A deficiency is a major health problem • Causes blindness • Influences severity of diarrhea, measles • >100 million children suffer from the problem • For many countries, the infrastructure doesn’t exist to deliver vitamin pills • Improved vitamin A content in widely consumed crops an attractive alternative -Carotene Pathway Problem in Plants IPP Geranylgeranyl diphosphate Phytoene synthase Phytoene Problem: Rice lacks these enzymes Phytoene desaturase ξ-carotene desaturase Lycopene Lycopene-beta-cyclase Normal Vitamin A “Deficient” Rice -carotene (vitamin A precursor) The Golden Rice Solution -Carotene Pathway Genes Added IPP Geranylgeranyl diphosphate Daffodil gene Phytoene synthase Phytoene Vitamin A Pathway is complete and functional Phytoene desaturase Single bacterial gene; performs both functions ξ-carotene desaturase Lycopene Daffodil gene Golden Rice Lycopene-beta-cyclase -carotene (vitamin A precursor)