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assessment concepts
standardization
use of consistent set of standards in
procedure for testing, scoring, evaluation
reliability
• inter-rater
• test-retest
validity
• construct
• content
• concurrent/descriptive
• predictive/criterion
clinical interview
mental status exam
1. appearance & behavior
1. thought process
1. mood & affect
1. intellectual functioning
1. sensorium
semi-structured clinical interview
DSM Multiaxial System
Axis I: Major Disorders
Axis II: Personality Disorders & Mental Retardation
Axis III: Medical Conditions
Axis IV: Psychosocial & Environmental Factors
Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
testing
Projective tests
•
•
Rorschach
Thematic Apperception Test
Personality Inventories (e.g .MMPI)
Also:
Lie Scale
Malingering Scale
testing
testing
Neuropsychological Tests
-tasks are associated with functioning of
specific brain areas
-poor task performance indicates impaired
function (and possibly physical damage) of
the specific brain area
testing
Neuroimaging
structural vs. functional
CT
MRI
PET
fMRI
computerized axial tomography
• x-ray & sensor
• low spatial resolution
CT scan
magnetic resonance imaging
high spatial resolution
MRI
positron emission tomography
PET scan
• low resolution
(both temporal & spatial)
• radioactive material is
absorbed
functional MRI
fMRI scan
• higher spatial resolution than
PET (poor temporal resolution)
• 3-D images possible
• hemoglobin (blood protein
that binds oxygen) changes its
magnetic field response
psychophysiological techniques
“electrophysiology”
EEG = electro-encephalograph
EO
= electro-oculograph
G
EMG = electro-myograph
electroencephalography
EEG
record of electrical activity below each electrode
brainwaves characterize mental states
EEG
electromyograph
EMG
skin conductance/resistance
index of physiological arousal
SCR
classification
Classification – categories
Taxonomy – scientific categories
Nosology – psych or medical categories
Classical Categorical Approach
Used in medicine; discrete categories
Dimensional Approach
Characteristics range from low to high. Not “presence or
absence” but rather “How much?”
Prototypical Approach
Essential features + meet # symptoms for dx
types of research
• descriptive
-observation (naturalistic vs lab)
-survey
-case study
-correlational studies
-epidemiology
• experimental
correlation
Are two variables related?
1. Do they move together or
opposite?
2. How strongly?
(if they are strongly related, we can predict one from the other)
correlation coefficient
NEGATIVE
-1.00
+/-
NO ASSN
POSITIVE
0
+1.00
= direction
number = strength
weak (0 - .40)
moderate (.41 - .69)
strong (.70 – 1.00)
correlational studies
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
NO ASSN
Are shy people happy?
To a group of people, give a questionnaire
about their degree of shyness.
To this same group, give a questionnaire about
their degree of happiness.
Each person has two scores. Use correlation.
Is there a relationship between shyness &
happiness? (Did one cause the other?)
correlational studies
Correlation is NOT causation!
A
B
B
A
C
A
B
example
Variable 1
Variable 2
ice cream sales
violent crime
e.g. Ice cream sales positively correlate with
the occurrence of violent crime.
experimental research
independent
variable
dependent
variable
confounding
variable
experimental research
Interested in a specific treatment?
Compare its effects to a control condition.
“baseline” comparison
experimental research
internal validity
external validity - generalizability
statistical vs clinical significance
single case designs
repeated measurements
withdrawal designs
multiple baseline
genetics
genotype
phenotype
family studies
adoption studies
twin studies
molecular genetic studies
linkage analysis
- searches for approximate location of a gene
association study
- tests a candidate disease gene
behavior over time
prevention studies
-health promotion
-universal
-selected
-indicated
cross sectional
- diff age cohorts compared at same time
longitudinal
- one group tracked over time
sequential
- cross sectional study done longitudinally