Download DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOGIC GATES

Chapter 6
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
LOGIC GATES
Lesson 4
TTL Gates
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
2
Outline
• Transistor transistor logic (TTL)
• TTL Circuit
• Characteristics of TTL gate circuit
• Wired AND case on passive pull up
• Totem pole on active pull up
• TTL Circuit features
• Circuit Parameters
• TTL families
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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TTL Input Stage and Basic Gate
stage
•
There is multi-emitter transistor at the
input in place of p-n diode at the inputs
A and B. [Figure 6.5(a). Four inputs
multi emitter–base junction is like a
collection of four p-n diodes. Multiemitter junction at transistor T forms a
circuit equivalent to a diode based AND
gate circuit
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Unconnected Input case
If any input is not connected, the
multi-emitter junction of transistor T
the base-emitter at that particular
junction does not conduct. As the base
connects to the supply VCC through
4K, the corresponding emitter is also
at the potential of the base. Hence, the
unconnected input in the TTL logic
circuit will behave as logic input = ‘1’
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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TTL Basic Gate stage
•
TTL basic gate is NAND gate
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Output Stage for next stage input
•
•
There is active pull up of the collector
of T’’ and output F in place of passive
pull up by 2200 Ohm in DTL NAND
circuit.
Advantage of active pull up is to reduce
the Joule loss (heat loss) in the
resistance in passive case between the
collector and supply. It increases the
loading and thus fan-out
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Outline
• Transistor transistor logic (TTL)
• TTL Circuit
• Characteristics of TTL gate circuit
• Wired AND case on passive pull up
• Totem pole on active pull up
• TTL Circuit features
• Circuit Parameters
• TTL families
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Three Input TTL NAND Circuit with NPN
Transistors and a active pull up
RB
A
T’
Rc
R
T
V+CC
Logic 1 or 0
Next stages
TTL inputs
+5V
T’’’
Active
Pull up
B
F
C
RE
T’’
V-EE
VCE
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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NAND 3-INPUT
A
B
C
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Output at F
A common output from the transistor
T’’ at F is given to one (or more) input
n-p junction at next TTL stage(s)
multi-emitter junction(s).
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
11
Outline
• Transistor transistor logic (TTL)
• TTL Circuit
• Characteristics of TTL gate circuit
• Wired AND case on passive pull up
• Totem pole on active pull up
• TTL Circuit features
• Circuit Parameters
• TTL families
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
12
Noise Margin at 0
For logic state 0, the output at F
can be ~0.0 V and maximum 0.8V,
else the Tj will start conducting and go
in saturation. Hence noise margin of
logic state 0 in TTL based logic circuit
is 0.8V
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Noise Margin at 1
Logic output 1 at F can be between
the 2.8 V and 5.0V For logic 1, noise
margin will be 3.2V
Logic input 1 at F can be between the
2.4 V and 5.0V For logic 1, noise
margin will be 3.6V at input.
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Next Input Stages driven by
output at F
Let C is the capacitance between
collector of T’’ (output at F) and emitter of
T’’ (supply ground).
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Next Input Stages driven by
output at F
When T’’ is in cutoff mode (output high),
the time constant for discharging when T’’
goes to saturation mode (output ~ 0.2V)
when all logic inputs becomes ‘1’, the time
constant is very small (= T’’ output
impedance * C) as the T’’ conducting
stage impedance is very low (~ 20 Ω).
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Next Input Stages driven by
output at F with passive pull up
When T’’ is in cutoff mode (output
high), the time constant for charging when
T’’ goes to cutoff mode (output high)
when any of the logic input becomes ‘0’,
the time constant is high (= R * C) as the
T’’ is non-conducting stage impedance is
very high and charging is through
resistance R (~4 KΩ) when passive pull up
exists instead of active pull
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Outline
• Transistor transistor logic (TTL)
• TTL Circuit
• Characteristics of TTL gate circuit
• Wired AND case on passive pull up
• Totem pole on active pull up
• TTL Circuit features
• Circuit Parameters
• TTL families
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Wired ‘AND’
A
B
C
A’
B’
C’
TTL
Circuit-1
When there
is no
active
pull up
F
TTL
Circuit2
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Wired AND Two TTL gates with
passive pull up
• F at two TTL gates interconnected, the output can
be considered as AND operation between the logic
outputs, because when both the outputs
correspond to cutoff stages of the transistors, the
output will remain unaffected and will be ‘1’.
When any of the outputs correspond to saturation
condition ~0.2V, the output from common point
will become 0.2V. If A, B are the inputs at one
TTL NAND gate and C, D are inputs at another,
NOR the output will be as follows:
• F = (A + B). (C + D) = (A + B + C + D)
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Outline
• Transistor transistor logic (TTL)
• TTL Circuit
• Characteristics of TTL gate circuit
• Wired AND case on passive pull up
• Totem pole on active pull up
• TTL Circuit features
• Circuit Parameters
• TTL families
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Totem Pole output
B
A
TTL
Circuit-1
NotPermitted
in active
pull up case
F
C
D
TTL
Circuit2
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Next Input Stages driven by
output 0 at F active pull up
When T’’ output is low, the base current
is high. The output at collector of T’ is at
low (~0.2V + 0.7V). It is not sufficient to
cause large current through T’’ because F
is at ~ 0.2V and diode between emitter of
active pull up transistor and F itself needs
~0.7 V. Voltage VBE at active pull
transistor T’’’ is less than the forward bias
threshold.
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Next Input Stages driven by
output 0at F active pull up
Therefore, the time constant is still
controlled by (= T’’ output impedance *
C) which is very low. The discharge on
high to low transition takes place through
T’’ only .
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Next Input Stages driven by
output 1 at F with active pull up
When T’’ output is high, the base
current is very low in cutoff stage. The
output at collector of T’ is at high. It is not
sufficient to cause large current through
T’’ because F is also at high and the diode
between emitter of active pull up transistor
and F itself needs ~0.7 V.
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Next Input Stages driven by
output 1 at F with active pull up
Voltage VBE at active pull transistor T’’’
is less than the forward bias threshold. The
transition of the diode from above
threshold to below threshold state will take
time.
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Next Input Stages driven by
output 1 at F with active pull up
However the time constant on charging is
still small controlled by {(Diode
impedance in the beginning conduction
state + Base-emitter saturation state
resistance in the beginning) * C,} which is
low.
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
27
Next Input Stages driven by
output 1 at F with active pull up
These two resistance collectively are ~
150 Ω (<< 4 kΩ in case of use of passive
pull up). This is because the when there is
a transition from low to high at output F,
the diode and T’’’ will take time to change
their conducting state to non-conducting
states
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
28
Outline
• Transistor transistor logic (TTL)
• TTL Circuit
• Characteristics of TTL gate circuit
• Wired AND case on passive pull up
• Totem pole on active pull up
• TTL Circuit features
• Circuit Parameters
• TTL families
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Fast speed of operation
Less area is needed on the silicon
wafer during its fabrication (due to
multi-emitter junction), which results in
its faster speed of operation
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Low impedances during both the
output transitions; ‘1’to ‘0’ transition
and ‘0’ to ‘1’ transition
Totem pole TTL circuit effective low
impedances during ‘1’to ‘0’ transition
and ‘0’ to ‘1’ transition
Provides us an ability to connect its
output to a capacitor. We have the
effectively low time constants when
connecting to next stage
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Open Collector passive pull up
version
In open collector version, the pull up
can be given externally and wired
AND logic can be used. The external
pull up helps in operation at higher
currents or at higher voltages. The
external pull up can also be passive or
active.
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
32
Outline
• Transistor transistor logic (TTL)
• TTL Circuit
• Characteristics of TTL gate circuit
• Wired AND case on passive pull up
• Totem pole on active pull up
• TTL Circuit features
• Circuit Parameters
• TTL families
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Standard TTL 7400 Series
Parameters
Supply V
EE = 5.0 +- 0. 5VV VCC =
0V
V
OL (Voltage Output at logic ‘0’) =
0.4V and IOL (Current Sink at logic
‘0’) = 4 mA
V
OH (Voltage Output at logic ‘1’) =
2.4 V and IOH (Current Output at logic
‘1’) = 0.04mA
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Standard TTL 7400 Series
Parameters
V
IL (Voltage Input at logic ‘0’) =
0.8V V
V
IH (Voltage Input at logic ‘1’) = 2 V
V
TH (Threshold Input Voltage) =
1.3V
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Standard TTL 7400 Series
Parameters
Noise Margin at ‘1’output and input
= 0.4V (2.8 V minimum output and
2.4 V minimum input) and
Noise Margin at ‘0’ = 0.4V (0.4 V
maximum output and 0 V minimum
input)
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
36
Outline
• Transistor transistor logic (TTL)
• TTL Circuit
• Characteristics of TTL gate circuit
• Wired AND case on passive pull up
• Totem pole on active pull up
• TTL Circuit features
• Circuit Parameters
• TTL families
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Six TTL families
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
‘Standard’,
‘Low power’,
‘High speed’,
‘Schottky’,
‘Low power’,
‘Schottky’, and
‘Advanced low power ‘Schottky’.
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Six TTL families
• Speed corresponding the 10ns, 33ns,
6ns, 3ns, 10ns and 5ns per gatepropagation-delay times, and
• Power dissipations per gate of 10 mW,
1 mW, 24 mW, 19 mW, 2 mW and 1
mW
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Schottky Diodes in 74S, LS, AS
• Schottky diode gives high speed of
operation by faster switching of ‘0’ to
‘1’ transitions in a TTL circuit.
• Transistor prevented to become
saturated during the transition periods
by adding Schottky diode between
base and collector
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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Summary
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
41
We learnt
•
•
•
•
TTL gate circuit.
TTL gate characteristics and parameters
TTL gate features
TTL gate families
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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We learnt
• TTL gate has each input connection to a
•
•
multi-emitter junction in an n-p-n
transistor. It functions as NAND.
TTL gate has output as totem pole output
when there is active pull up and shows
same level of time constants in 0 to 1, and 1
to 0 transitions.
TTL gate has output as Wired OR when
there is active pull up and shows different
level of time constants in 0 to 1, and 1 to 0
transitions.
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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End of Lesson 4
TTL Gates
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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THANK YOU
Ch06L4-"Digital Principles and Design", Raj Kamal, Pearson Education, 2006
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