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Bioenergetics & metabolism
of carbohydrates, lipids,
amino acids
1
Biologic oxidation
1.summary
2
O2
H 2O
Carbohydrate,
CO2
lipid, etc
mitochondrion
ATP
enzymes
3
The concept of the biological
oxidation
4
 The three stages of
biological oxidation
5
Nutriment materials
Building block molecules
Stage 1
Acetyl coenzyme A
Stage 2
tricarboxylic acid cycle
Stage 3
Oxidative phosphorylation
6
7
Nutriment materials
biological oxidation
H2O
energy
cell usage
CO2
heat energy
8
Mitochondrion oxidation
system
9
metabolism
Carbohydrate, lipid,
H2O, CO2
proteins
FADH, NADH
H2O,
Mitochondrial oxidation
system
energy
10
 the structure of
mitochondrion
Out membrane
Inner membrane
matrix
11
12
 ATP synthase
F0-F1 complex
a large membrane –protein
complex
13
14
15
16
 respiratory chain
1. concept
2. constitutes
four electron-carrier
complexes
17
18
3. types
NADH oxidation
respiratory chain
Succinate oxidation
respiratory chain
19
4. The components & function
of the each electron-carrier
complexes in these two
respiratory chain
.
A.
complex Ⅰ
( NADH-Q reductase)
20
21
* Riboflavin proteins
structure
function
types
22
23
24
* iron-sulfur proteins
structure
function
25
26
Fe
2
 Fe
3
27
* ubiquinone,Q (coenzyme Q)
structure
function
28
29
30
B.
complex Ⅱ ( succinic-Q reductase )
Fe-s
AH2
A
FAD
FADH2
reduced
Q
Fe-S
oxidized
QH2
31
32
C. complex Ⅲ
(Q-CytC reductase )
Contain:
cytb562
cytb
C
cytc
cytb566
C1
iron-sulfur proteins
33
* cytochromes, ( cyt )
a. structure
34
35
b. Classification:
cytb562
cycb
cytb566
cytc
C
C1
cyta
a
a3
36
c. the differences between
each cytochromes
the side chain
linkage with apoenzyme
Light –absorption spectra
37
d.
function
Single electron carriers
iron in protoporphyrin
prosthetic group
38
39
Fe
2
 Fe
3
40
D. complexⅣ
(CytC oxidase )
Contain:
cyta,a3
CuA,CuB
41
42
5. The orders of these
complexes in the respiratory
chain
A.
A. NADH oxidation
respiratory chain
43
• Compose of complex
Ⅰ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ
a. contain :
+
NAD ,FMN(Fe-S),
CoQ,Cytb, c1,c ,
aa3,Cu,O2
44
b. order
45
46
47
B. Succinate oxidation
respiratory chain
• Compose of complex
Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ
48
a.
contain :
FAD+ (Fe-S), CoQ,
Cytb, c1,c ,
aa3,Cu, O2
49
b. order
50
51
52
C. the evidences of the
arrangement order
• redox potential
• light absorption spectra
• inhibitors
53
54
55
• gentle treatment with
detergents
CoQ linked with
complex Ⅰ ,Ⅱ, Ⅲ
cytc linked with
complex Ⅲ, Ⅳ
56
57
6. the process of the electron
transportation
58
59
Oxidative phosphorylation
A. concept
60
Metabolic
oxidized
materials
products
Respiratory chain
2H
+1/2 O2
H 2O
energy
ADP  H 3 PO4  ATP  H 2 O
61
B. coupling sites of Oxidative
phosphorylation
62
a.
the methods for
estimate of the coupling
sites
• the p/o ratio
63
64
• calculation formula
of free energy change
(standard reduction potential , E0’)
ΔG0’= -nFΔE0’
65
example:
electrons pass from NADH(E0’=-0.32v )
to O2(E0’=+0.82v)
ΔG0’= -296.6[0.82-(-0.32)]= -220 KJ
NADH
Q
ΔG0’= -69.4 KJ
CytB
CytC ΔG0’= -34.7 KJ
Cytaa3
O2
ΔG0’= - 102.3 KJ
66
67
C. The mechanism of Oxidative
phosphorylation
• The chemiosmotic hypothesis
68
69
D. factors effecting on oxidative
phosphorylation
• ADP/ATP
• Thyroid hormone
70
E. inhibitors of oxidative
phosphorylation
• inhibitors of respiratory chain
• uncoupler (2,4dinitrophenol)
• inhibitors of oxidative
phosphorylation (oligomycin)
71
72
73
74
The storage,release,& utilization
of ATP
A. the sources of high energy
phosphate group in ATP
75
• oxidative phosphorylation
• phosphorylation on substrate level
76
example:
1,3-diphosphoglycerate + ADP
PEP + ADP
phosphoglycerate + ATP
EP + ATP
PK
succinylCoA + H3PO4 + GDP
succinate+ CoA-SH
+
GTP
+
ADP
ATP
77
B. the storage of ATP
• phosphocreatin
78
79
C . the other nucleoside
triphosphates
80
Electrons from cytosolic NADH
enter mitochondrial by shuttles
• glycerol phosphate shuttle
• Malate-asparate shuttle
81
82
83
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