Download glycolysis and other pathways

GLYCOLYSIS AND OTHER
PATHWAYS
EMP PATHWAY— ANOTHER
NAME FOR GLYCOLYSIS
GLYCOLYSIS
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A UNIVERSAL
PATHWAY
YIELDS 2ATPS [NET]
THROUGH
SUBSTRATE LEVEL
PHOSPHORYLATION
OCCURS IN CYTOSOL
ANAEROBIC
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GLUCOSE + ATP IN
THE PRESCENCE OF
GLUCOKINASE=
GLUCOSE-6
PHOSPHATE
FRUCTOSE-6
PHOSPHATE +ATP=
FRUCTOSE 1,6
DIPHOSPATE
2 PGAL- - ->2 PEP2 PYRUVIC ACID
MOLECULES
FATE OF PYRUVIC ACID
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UNDER
ANAEROBIC
CONDITIONS IT IS
FERMENTED
IN HUMANS IT
BECOMES LACTIC
ACID
IN YEAST IT
BECOMES ETOH +
CO2
TRANSITION REACTION
AN AEROBIC REACTION
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CO ENZYME A [CO A]
PUTS ONE CARBON ON
TO O2 TO FORM CO2,
PICKS UP 2 CARBONS
FROM PYRUVIC ACID
AND BECOMES ACETYLCO ENZYME A [ACETYL
CO A] WHICH CARRIES
THE CARBONS WITH THE
H AND ELECTRONS
ATTACHED INTO THE
MITOCHONDRIA INTO
THE KREB’S CYCLE
NAD
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NAD—NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE
DINUCLEOTIDE—A COENZYME-A
CARRIER COMPOUND WHICH PICKS UP
H+ AND ELECTRONS AND CARRIES THEM
INTO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT
SYSTEM WHERE 3 ATP MOLECULES WILL
BE FORMED
NIACIN – a “B VITAMIN” THAT IS
NECESSARY FOR NAD TO FUNCTION and
FORM
FAD
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FAD—FLAVINE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE
— A COENZYME A CARRIER COMPOUND
WHICH CARRIES H+ AND ELECTRONS
INTO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT
SYSTEM YIELDING 2 ATP MOLECULES
RIBOFLAVIN-A “B VITAMIN” WHICH
MUST BE PRESENT FOR FAD TO
FUNCTION and FORM
KREB’S CYCLE
AN AEROBIC REACTION
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TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE AND
CITRIC ACID CYCLE [OTHER NAMES]
OCCURS IN THE MATRIX OF THE
MITOCHONDRION
3 IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
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CITRIC ACID [6 C]
ALPHA-KETOGLUTARIC ACID [5 C]
OXALOACETIC ACID [4 C]
KREB’S CYCLE CONTINUED
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FOR EACH TURN
OF THE CYCLE
THERE ARE
3 NADHs FORMED
1 FADH2 FORMED
2 CO2 FORMED
1 ATP
HEAT
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
AN AEROBIC REACTION
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CYTACHROME
SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY
CHAIN
COMPOSED OF A
SERIES OF
OXIDATIONREDUCTION
REACTIONS
[ReDox]
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FINAL PHASE OF
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION IN
WHICH NADH AND
FADH2 ARE
OXIDIZED WITH
THEIR ELECTRONS
BEING PASSED
ALONG THE CHAIN
ELECTRON TRANSPORT
SYSTEM CONTINUED
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IF NADH BRINGS THE
ELECTRONS AND
HYDROGENS INTO
THE SYSTEM THEN 3
ATP MOLECULES
WILL BE MADE
USING THE ATPSYNTHASE
MOLECULE [CF 1 OR
F1 PARTICLE]
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WHEN FADH2 BRINGS
THE H+ AND ELECTRONS
THEN ONLY 2 ATP
MOLECULES ARE MADE
THE LAST 2 COMPOUNDS,
CYTACHROME A AND
CYTOACHROME A3 ACT
AS THE ENZYME
CYTACHROME
OXIDASE—THEY PLACE
ELECTRONS AND 2
HYDROGENS ON TO
OXYGEN TO FORM THE
WASTE PRODUCT
WATER
WASTE PRODUCTS
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ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
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WATER [H2O]
KREB’S CYCLE OR CITRIC ACID
CYCLE OR TRICARBOXYLIC ACID
CYCLE
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CARBON DIOXIDE [CO2]
FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS
ENTERING THE KREB’S CYCLE
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FATTY ACIDS
DISSOLVE THROUGH
THE CELL
MEMBRANE
UNDERGO
BETAOXIDATION
FORM
INTERMEDIATE
PRODUCTS WHICH
CAN LEAVE THE
CELL AND LOWER
THE pH
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Keto acids =Acetone,
acetoacetic acid,
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AMINO ACIDS
ENTER BY
PINOCYTOSIS
ARE DEAMINATED
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NH2 REMOVED AND
CHANGED TO UREA
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FORM THE SAME
INTERMEDIATE
PRODUCTS AS FATTY
ACIDS DO
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BOTH FATTY ACIDS AND
AMINO ACIDS CAN ENTER
THE KREB’S CYCLE
THROUGH ACETYL CO A
SUMMARY 1
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GLYCOLYSISOCCURS IN
CYTOPLASM
TRANSITION
REACTIONSTARTS IN
CYTOPLASM
ENDS IN THE
MITOCHONDRION
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KREB’S CYCLE
OCCURS IN THE
MATRIX OF THE
MITOCHONDRION
ELECTRON
TRANSPORT
SYSTEM OCCURS
ON THE CRISTAE
OF THE
MITOCHONDRION
SUMMARY 2
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GLYCOLYSIS
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—2 ATPS
NO OXYGEN
USED
TRANSITION
REACTION [T R]—
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IF OXYGEN USED
2 CARBONS GO
INTO THE KREB’S
CYCLE
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T R CONTINUED
AND NAD OR FAD
CARRY Electrons
AND HYDROGEN
INTO THE ETS
IF NO OXYGEN
USED
FERMENTATION
OCCURS
SUMMARY 3
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KREB’S CYCLE [CITRIC ACID CYCLE]
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A 2-CARBON CPD IS ATTACHED TO A
4-CARBON CPD TO FORM CITRIC ACID
3 TURNS TO MAKE 1 PGAL [A 3CARBON CPD]
OXYGEN IS USED
ATP IS MADE
CO2 IS A WASTE PRODUCT
SUMMARY 4
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ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
[OCCURS ON THE CRISTAE]
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A SERIES OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION
REACTIONS [GIVING UP ELECTRONS AND
TAKING ON ELECTRONS.]
IF NAD CARRIES THE ELECTRONS THEN 3
ATPS ARE MADE
IF FAD CARRIES THE ELECTRONS ONLY 2
ATPS ARE MADE
THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IS
OXYGEN WHICH THEN COMBINES WITH 2
HYDROGENS TO MAKE WATER [H2O]