Download Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration
10.3.11 – 10.6.11
Jammin’ to ATP
Glucose, Glucose
 Oxidative Phosphorylation

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Glucose,
Glucose
 Glucose -- ah, sugar sugar -- | You are my favorite fuel |
From the blood-borne substrate pool. | Glucose -monosaccharide sugar -- | You're sweeter than a woman's
kiss | 'Cause I need you for glycolysis. | I just can't believe
the way my muscles take you in. | (For you, they'll open the
door.) | All it takes is a little bit of insulin | (To upregulate
GLUT4). | Ah, glucose -- ah, sugar sugar -- | You help me
make ATP | When my predators are chasing me. | Ah,
glucose -- you're an aldehyde sugar, | And you're sweeter
than a woman's kiss | 'Cause I need you for glycolysis. | I just
can't believe the way my muscles break you down. | (My
glycogen is almost gone.) | A few more seconds and I'll be
rigor mortis-bound. | (Acidosis done me wrong.) | Your sweet
is turning sour, baby. | I'm losing all my power, baby. | I'm
gonna make your muscles ache. | No, no, no! | I'm swimming
in lactate, baby. | Yes, I'm swimming in lactate, baby. | Now
I'm drowning in lactate, baby. | I'm gonna make your muscles
ache. | No, no, no! | I'm drowning in lactate, baby. | Ah,
glucose -- ah, sugar sugar -- | I used you up and you left me
flat; | Now I'll have to get my kicks from fat. | Oh, glucose,
glucose, sugar, sugar, | The honeymoon is over now.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Do you see the athletes run?
Do you see the children crawl?
Every soul beneath the sun -Ox phos fuels them one and all.
You can't see inside their cells;
If you could, here's what you'd see:
Small cigar-shaped organelles
Synthesizing ATP.
Matrix protons get pumped out
To the intermembrane space.
Then they take an inward route
Through the ATP synthase.
[Preacher's message:]
Fuel the muscles.
Feel the sunshine.
Feel the ATP.
See the children.
See the athletes.
Ox phos fuels us you and me.
In the morning,
In the mid-day,
In the afternoon.
In the evening,
In the late night,
Ox phos fuels us me and you.
When I feel up,
When I feel good,
When I'm movin' 'round,
When I sit up,
When I stand up,
When I make my sound.
All right, now.
Oxidative phosphorylation.
Oxidative phosphorylation.
Oxidative phosphorylation.
Oxidative phosphorylation....
Jammin’ to ATP
Glucose, Glucose
 Oxidative Phosphorylation


Extra Credit: Choreograph and
perform a dance for oxidative
phosphorylation!!!!
Check out www.science-groove.org/
What do you remember?!
1.
What is an autotroph?
2.
What is a heterotroph?
3.
What do all food chains start with?
4.
What do glucose, glycogen, and starch have in
common?
5.
Why do we eat? (don’t you dare say “to live”)
METABOLISM, ENERGY, AND LIFE

What is metabolism?
 The
totality of an organisms chemical reactions…
 Ex
in you: breaking down starch into glucose
molecules, breaking down glucose in cellular
respiration to make ATP, building muscles,
building triglycerides to store excess energy…
 So
we basically either break stuff down or build
stuff…
Focus Questions

How does ATP couple reactions in cells?
6.1 – The chemistry of life is organized
into metabolic pathways

What is a catabolic pathway?
 Breaks

What is an anabolic pathway?
 Builds

stuff down and releases energy
stuff and uses energy
How are catabolic and anabolic pathways
coupled?
 The
energy RELEASED from catabolic pathways is
USED in anabolic pathways!!
CFU

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are
important processes in plants.
Which of these processes is catabolic?
 Which is anabolic?
 Which process stores energy?
 Which process releases energy?

6.2 – Organisms transform energy

What is energy?
The ability to do work…
energy –
 Potential energy –
 Chemical energy –
 Kinetic

How is chemical energy released or used?
 Break
the bonds! (often by combustion!)
Focus and Recap Questions

Recap: How do we release chemical
energy? How do we store chemical
energy?

How does ATP couple reactions in cells?
Exergonic
Reactants
Energy Released
Products
Endergonic
Products
Energy Required
Reactants
6.5 – ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions
to endergonic reactions
1.
A cell does 3 main kinds of work:
mechanical work –
2.
transport work –
3.
chemical work –

You down with ATP? Ya, you know me
ATP = adenosine triphosphate
Who’s down with ATP? Every last homie

When is energy released from ATP, and
which bonds are said to be “high energy”?

How does ATP perform work? (hint:
phosphorylation)

How is ADP regenerated?
Who’s down with ATP? All the homies

p. 95
Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration:
Harvesting Chemical Energy
YOU MUST KNOW
The difference between fermentation and cellular
respiration.
The role of glycolysis in oxidizing glucose to two molecules
of pyruvate.
The process that brings pyruvate from the cytosol into
the mitochondria and introduces it into the citric acid
cycle.
How the process of chemiosmosis utilizes the electrons
from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP.
How do we get something to explode?

Light it on fire!!! Blow it up!!! YA!!

But what’s happening chemically?

What gas has to be present in order
for something to blow up?
Cellular Respiration is the oxidation
or EXPLOSION of glucose 

At the atomic level, oxidation deals
with transferring electrons…

When you “oxidize” something, it
loses electrons

Since the electrons carry energy,
the energy is transferred
Cellular Respiration is the oxidation
or EXPLOSION of glucose 

What do we say happens to the substance
that loses the electrons?
 Since
it loses the electrons (and gets less
negative) we say it gets “oxidized”

What happens to the substance that gains
the electrons?
 Since
it gains the electrons (and gets more
negative) we say it gets “reduced”

Oxidation-Reduction reactions are
abbreviated “Redox”
Cellular Respiration is the oxidation
or EXPLOSION of glucose 

How can you remember which
gains and which loses?

OIL RIG
 Oxidation
Is Loss
 Reduction Is Gain
Cellular Respiration is the oxidation
or EXPLOSION of glucose 

Let’s Model REDOX!!!
 REMEMBER
OIL RIG!!

The orange balls represent electrons

What happens when you LOSE an
electron?
What happens when you GAIN an
electron?
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
How can we pass the energy across the
room without any of us moving??
Cellular Respiration is the oxidation
or EXPLOSION of glucose 

This is how energy gets transferred
in cellular respiration!!

Oxygen has a pretty high electron
affinity, so it’s at the end of the
chain

So why do we need oxygen???
Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration:
Harvesting Chemical Energy
CELLULAR RESPIRATION – BIG PICTURE
Who: which organisms do cellular respiration?
What: what are the general inputs and outputs of the process?
When: when did it evolve? When does it occur?
Where: where in the cell does it occur?
Why: why is it so important?
An Overview of Cellular Respiration
Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration:
Harvesting Chemical Energy
HARVESTING ENERGY BY EXTRACTING ELECTRONS
 Energy based on electrons and their energy levels!!
o The more excited an electron is, the higher its energy level!
 Electrons transferred = maintain energy if stays in same energy level
 Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons (REDOX)
o Remember: OIL RIG
 Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons)
 Reduction Is Gain (of electrons)
 partial redox!?- based on electron affinity (or the tendency of an atom to gain
electrons)
o move from less electronegative molecule to a more electronegative
molecule and drop in energy level (slowly becoming oxidized from C-H
bonds to “O bonds”)
 NAD+ (a coenzyme, by the way)
o NAD+ + 1e- + 1H = NADH
o NADH will carry (or transfer!) these e- and p+ to the e- transport chain (ETC)
Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration:
Harvesting Chemical Energy

Using what we know…
 We
know cellular respiration makes ATP
 We
know it uses oxygen
 We’ll
start from the end and work
backwards…
Mitochondria
Cellular Respiration

ATP Synthase is like a
motor – as it turns, it
attaches a phosphate to
ADP to make ATP

How does it turn? (hint:
how does a wind mill or a
water mill turn?...)
H+
H+
H+

H+
H+

Hydrogen ions (or H+) flow
through ATP Synthase,
turning it!
How do the hydrogen
ions get into the
cristae?...
Cellular Respiration

REDOX!!

OIL RIG

eH+ + e-
H+ + e-
Electrons are lost by one
substance and gained by
another

Just like we passed the
electrons in class, electrons
are passed down the electron
transport chain

But the electrons don’t travel
alone… they travel with a
proton… H+

The electron is accepted by
the ETC and the proton (H +)
goes into the cristae
H+ + e-
Cellular Respiration

Each oxygen at the end of
the electron transport
chain accepts 2 electrons
and 2 protons (H+) forming
water (a product of cellular
respiration!!)

The buildup of the H+
inside the cristae can now
flow through ATP synthase,
bonding a P to the ADP

Since this phosphorylation
of ADP to make ATP uses
oxygen, we call it oxidative
phoshporylation

So where do the electrons
and protons come from??
H+
H+
O + 2 e- + 2 H+  H20
e- ee- e-
H+
+ +
HH
H+
H+
H+
Let’s Model It!!

3 volunteers to be carriers = NAD
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3 volunteers to be protons (H+)
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3 volunteers to be the ETC
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3 volunteers to hold the protons in the cristae

1 volunteer to be ATP Synthase

1 volunteer to be oxygen
Cellular Respiration

Each oxygen at the end of
the electron transport
chain accepts 2 electrons
and 2 protons (H+) forming
water (a product of cellular
respiration!!)

The buildup of the H+
inside the cristae can now
flow through ATP synthase,
bonding a P to the ADP

Since this phosphorylation
of ADP to make ATP uses
oxygen, we call it oxidative
phoshporylation

So where do the electrons
and protons come from??
H+
H+
O + 2 e- + 2 H+  H20
e- ee- e-
H+
+ +
HH
H+
H+
H+
Cellular Respiration

NADH and FADH2 are the
proton/electron carriers!!

When “unenergized” they
exist as NAD+ and FAD

NAD+ picks up one electron
and proton and carries it to
the ETC

FAD picks up two electrons
and protons and carries
them to the ETC

So where do the FADH2
and NADH get their protons
and electrons?...
e- + H+
e- + H+
e- +
H+

Let’s start
with
glucose…
Starting from the Finish…
Recap
2 ATP
Glucose
4 ATP
6C
Pyruvate
Glycolysis
Net: 2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 NADH + e-
3C
ETC
Pyruvate
3C
WhereCOdo the NADH
NAD+
and FAD
2 go???
2
NADH + e-
ETC
CoenzymeA
AcetylCoA
(Acetyl = 2 C)
ATP
2 CO2
Kreb’s
Cycle
NAD+
NADH + eNADH + eNADH + eFAD
FADH2 + e-
Proton Gradient = concentration of H+ higher inside membrane than outside
Chemiosmosis  flow of ions across membrane
Back for
more H+
and e-!!!
eNADH
NAD+
+ eH+
H+
+ e-
H+
NADH
NAD+
+ e- H+ + e-
FADH
FADH
2 + e-
H+ + e-
e- ee- e-
O + 2 e- + 2 H+  H20
H+
+ +
HH
H+
H+
H+
ATP
ADP + P
Which part of cellular
respiration requires
oxygen?
What do we call the
process of making ATP
from this step?
What do we call the
process of making ATP
without oxygen?
In which part does this
type of ATP formation
happen?
Which part of cellular
respiration requires
oxygen?
Glycolysis
ETC
What do we call the process
of making ATP from this
step?
Kreb’s Cycle
What do we call the process
of making ATP without
oxygen?
In which part does this type
of ATP formation happen?
Let’s Act It Out!!

Why is oxygen important?

What happens when there’s no oxygen?
Glycolysis
ETC
Kreb’s Cycle
So which parts of cellular
respiration require oxygen?
How much ATP can we get
without oxygen?
The Respiration Dance
The sun shines down
 Electrons are excited
 Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose
 Animals eat it, digest it, transport it
 Lub Dub, Lub Dub
 Glucose enters the cells with the help of insulin
 It’s broken down into two pyruvic acid
 Which enter the Krebs cycle
 Electrons are stripped off
 And go down the electron transport chain
 Poof… ATP

When there’s no oxygen…

Which steps can we do
without oxygen?

Which steps can’t we do?

So… how much ATP can
we get with fermentation?
When there’s no oxygen…
2 ATP
Glucose
6C
Pyruvate
4 ATP
Net: 2 ATP
2 NAD+
2 NADH + e-
3C
ETC?
Pyruvate
3C

NO! Because the ETC requires
oxygen to accept the electrons
from NADH and FADH2…
Fermentation
 NADH and FADH2 donate to alcohol in alcoholic
fermentation (yeast  bread, beer)
 NADH and FADH2 donate to lactic acid in lactic acid
fermentation (skeletal muscles… BURN!!!)
Regulation of Cellular Respiration

Do we always need the same amount of ATP?

When might we need more or less?

What substances regulate the rates of reactions?
(hint: they’re proteins…)

How do we regulate the action of enzymes?
Did-you-get-it Quiz
1.
2.
3.
Which process or processes do you think the
“original anaerobic bacteria” used?
A. Glycolysis
B. Cellular respiration
C. Photosynthesis
Where specifically do the following take place?
A. Glycolysis
B. Kreb’s cycle
C. ETC
What are the roles of the following molecules in
cellular respiration?
A. Glucose
B. NADH
C. O2
D. ATP Synthase
Applying What We Know

You may work together!
 Self

Quiz: 2 – 15
Next Class: Quiz and LAB!! 
 Read
the lab and answer questions 1 – 3
Warm-up
1.
Which process or processes do you think the “original
anaerobic bacteria” used?
A.
B.
C.
2.
Where specifically do the following take place?
A.
B.
C.
3.
Glycolysis
Cellular respiration
Photosynthesis
Glycolysis
Kreb’s cycle
ETC
What are the roles of the following molecules in cellular
respiration?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Glucose
NADH
O2
ATP Synthase
Recap – Key Terms and Ideas

What drives the
formation of ATP?

Where do the
electrons for the
ETC come from?

Where do the
proton pumps
(proteins that…
pump… protons)
get the energy to
pump protons from?

Why is the inner
membrane folded?
Quiz