Download Notes 8-4

Notes 8-4
Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds
Compounds that contain the element carbon
(C)
Organic compounds are found in all living
things
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic
acids are important groups of organic
compounds in living things that help cells
function
Carbohydrates
Provides immediate energy for cell
Make up some cell parts
Made up of elements carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
Polymer = Carbs,
Monomer = Sugars
Examples: starches, like potatoes,
pasta, bread, also found in cell
membranes and cell walls
Carbs cont….
Simple Sugars are called monosaccharides.
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose
Galactose
Fructose
Major nutrients for cells
These make up the building blocks
(monomer) for complex sugars.
Carbs Cont….
Complex Sugars are called polysaccharides. (huge
sugars!)
- These are 100’s or 1000’s of small sugars hooked
together to create a polymer.
Examples:
Cellulose—the structural material in plants
Glycogen= animal starch—store extra sugar energy in
animals
Plant starch—store extra sugar in plants
Carbs Cont….
Disaccharides are made up of 2 sugars attached
Di = two, saccharide = sugar
Examples: Lactose, sucrose
How can you recognize a sugar by looking at its name?
Galactose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, cellulose
Carbohydrates
Now let’s look at some
examples……
…………UP CLOSE!!!!
Example 1:
Glucose - Monosaccharides
Example 2:
Starch – Polysaccharide
Monomer or smaller unit of starch = glucose
Lipids
Contain even more energy than
carbs
Cells store energy in lipids for
later use
Made of the elements carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen
Examples: fats, waxes, oils,
makes up most of cell
membrane
Lipids cont…
Common categories of lipids:
1. Fats (saturated vs. unsaturated)
2. Phospholipids (component of cell membranes)
3. Steroids (ex: cholesterol)
Formation of Lipids
Lipids are made of a central building block called
Glycerol (this is the same for all lipids) + 3 side chains
attached called --Fatty Acid chains (the structure of the
acid chains are different for each lipid).
Glycerol
Side =
Fatty
acid
chain
Lipids
Glycerol
3 Fatty acid chains;
different for each lipid
1. FATS vary in their # of double bonds
Saturated Fats: NO C-C double bonds
Fatty acids contain the maximum possible number of
hydrogen atoms (Saturated, or loaded, with H)
Ex: bacon grease, butter—solid at room temperature
(BAD FAT)
Unsaturated fats:
Contains at least one Carbon-Carbon double bond (not
loaded with H) (GOOD FAT- in small amounts)
Ex: corn oil, cod liver oil—liquid at RT
2. Phospholipids
Phospholipid: similar to fat
Useful as the outer membrane of cells
Boundary between the interior of the cell and its
exterior environment
Called a phospholipid bilayer
3. Steroids
Function: Chemical messengers and make up
part of the cell membrane!!!!!
Example: Cholesterol, hormones
Most other steroids are synthesized from
cholesterol
Too much cholesterol is badatherosclerosis
Nucleic Acids
Very long
Made up of elements carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
Contain instructions for cells to carry out
all functions of life
Usually found in nucleus of cell
Examples: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
which is the genetic info passed from
parent to offspring, and RNA (Ribonucleic
acid) which helps make proteins
Nucleic Acids
Genes consist of DNA, which is a polymer known
as a nucleic acid.
Polymers assembled from monomers called
nucleotides.
Nucleotides (3 parts):
5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)
Phosphate group
1 Nitrogenous base (1 of four: adenine, guanine,
cytosine, or thymine)
NUCLEOTIDE = Monomer of DNA
Nitrogenous
base=
Cytosine
Deoxyribose
DNA and proteins
DNA=information for the cell’s activities
BUT…does not directly run the cell
Proteins are “molecular hardware”
That is, they are the tool for biological function
EX: the protein hemoglobin carries oxygen in the
blood, not the DNA that specifies the structure of
hemoglobin
Let’s Get Pumped Up
about Proteins!!!
Proteins
The goal of the cell is to MAKE
PROTEINS (aka Polypeptides)
Made up of the elements carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
Found in cell membrane, help make up
many organelles, hair, finger nails,
spider webs, feathers, etc.
Examples: meat, eggs, beans, enzymes
Structure of Proteins
Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids
20 different amino acids can form thousands of different
proteins (just like 26 letters of the alphabet can form thousands
of words)
Similar to letters and words, the order of amino acids will
determine which protein it is
Polymer = Proteins
Monomer = Amino Acids
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in
organisms
Without enzymes, many chemical reactions needed
for life would not occur or would occur to slowly
Example: enzymes (proteins) in your saliva speed up
digestion of food by breaking it down into simpler
sugars in your mouth