Download Hydrocarbons and Functional Groups

Hydrocarbons and Functional
Groups (Organic Chemistry)
Chapters 22 and 23
Organic
• In Chemistry, organic means “containing
carbon”
• The simplest organic compounds are
hydrocarbons which contain only Hydrogen
and Carbon
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons, and forms
four covalent bonds.
• It is the basis for life on Earth.
Alkanes
• An alkane is a hydrocarbon that contains only
single covalent bonds.
• Alkanes are nonpolar, do not mix with water,
have weak van der Waals forces, and low
boiling points.
Alkenes and Alkynes
• Alkenes have double covalent bonds. (ene)
• Alkynes have triple covalent bonds. (yne)
Memorizing Alkanes
Name
Molecular
Formula
Methane (methyl)
CH4
Ethane (ethyl)
C2H6
Propane (propyl)
C3H8
Butane (butyl)
C4H10
Pentane (pentyl)
C5H12
Hexane (hexyl)
C6H14
Heptane (heptyl)
C7H16
Octane (octyl)
C8H18
Nonane (nonyl)
C9H20
Decane (decyl)
C10H22
You must memorize the
names of the first 10
alkanes!
Naming Alkanes
• 1. Find the longest (parent) chain, count the carbons,
name it.
• 2. Number the carbons so that the branches get the
smallest numbers they can.
• 3. Name the branches based on how many carbons
they have, and at what carbon they branch off of.
• 4. If the same branch appears twice, use di, 3 times
use tri.
• 5. Put the branch names in alphabetical order.
Practice
Name the following compound.
1. Find the longest (parent) chain, count the carbons, name it.
Pentane
2. Number the carbons so that the branches get the smallest numbers they can.
3. Name the branches based on how many carbons they have, and at
what carbon they branch off of.
2-methylpentane
Practice #2
Name the following compound.
1. Find the longest (parent) chain, count the carbons, name it.
Pentane
2. Number the carbons so that the branches get the smallest numbers
they can.
Lesson 7.0 Organic Chemistry
3. Name the branches based on how many carbons they have, and at
what carbon they branch off of.
2,4-methylpentane
4. If branches appear twice, use di, 3 times use tri.
2,4-dimethylpentane
Practice #3
Name the following compound.
1. Find the longest (parent) chain, count the carbons, name it.
Heptane
2. Number the carbons so that the branches get the smallest numbers
they can.
Lesson 7.0 Organic Chemistry
3. Name the branches based on how many carbons they have, and at
what carbon they branch off of.
2-methyl-3-ethylheptane*
*this is NOT the final name of this molecule
5. Put the branch names in alphabetical order.
3-ethyl-2-methylheptane
Name this hydrocarbon
Name this hydrocarbon
6-ethyl- 2-methyloctane
Name this hydrocarbon
Name this hydrocarbon
4-ethyl-2,5-dimethylhexane
Name this hydrocarbon
Name this hydrocarbon
2,2,5-trimethylheptane
Name this hydrocarbon
Name this hydrocarbon
pentyne
Hydrocarbon rings
• Cyclic hydrocarbons are shaped like rings
instead of chains.
• Benzene is a 6 carbon ring called an aromatic
compound. Every other bond is a double
bond.
Practice
• Complete the practice sheet, turn it in when
you finish.
• This is homework if you don’t finish, due next
class.
Functional Groups
• A functional group is a group of atoms added
to a hydrocarbon.
Compound: Alcohol
• The alcohol group is –OH
• The functional group is called “hydroxyl”
• It is used in labs, hospitals, cosmetics, fuels,
and beverages
Compound: Ether
• An ether is a carbon chain with an Oxygen
atom in it (R-O-R) the R stands for a long
Carbon chain
• The functional group is called “ether”
• It is used in anesthesia and perfume
Compound: Aldehyde
• Aldehydes end in the suffix “-al”
• It looks like this:
• The functional group is called carbonyl
• It’s used as a preservative and in flavoring
Compound: Ketone
• Ketones end in the suffix “-one”
• They look like this:
• The functional group is also called carbonyl
• They are used to make plastic and in nail
polish remover
Compound: Carboxylic Acid
• The functional group looks like this:
• And it is called a carboxyl group
• They are used in vinegar and in making wine
Compound: Ester
• An ester functional group looks like this:
It’s called an ester group and is used to make
fruit flavors and fragrances
Compound: Amine
• An amine is –NH2 attached to a long carbon
chain
• It’s called an amino group, and it makes up
proteins and DNA.
Practice
• Read Chapters 22 and 23 in the red text book,
and answer questions 37-53 on page 719 in
your notebooks.