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NUTRIENTS AND FEEDING [objectives] • Explain how animals and plants vary in the acquisition of nutrients • Discuss the nutrient requirements of aquaculture species • Explain how nutrient requirements are met during culture • Describe kinds and sources of feed • Identify and evaluate approaches in feeding • Discuss buying and storing feed NUTRIENTS & FEEDING Chapter 5 Nutrient – a substance used by organisms to live and grow. Food – any material ingested that contains needed nutrients. Ingest – consume or eat food. TROPHIC LEVELS Producer (Autotroph)– plants, algae, and cyanobacteria make their food by photosynthesis. Consumer (Heterotroph) – must consume other organisms. *herbivore – eats plants only *carnivore – eats meat only *omnivore – eats both plants and meat *detritivore – eats decaying plant/animal matter. Decomposer – (bacteria/fungi) have external digestion. PRODUCERS cyanobacteria PRODUCERS algae PRODUCERS plants CONSUMERS herbivores CONSUMERS carnivores CONSUMERS omnivores CONSUMERS detritivore DECOMPOSERS MAJOR NUTRIENTS • Proteins – made from amino acids; necessary for tissue growth and repair. • Fats – made from fatty acids; necessary for cell membranes and energy. • Carbohydrates – made from saccharides; necessary for energy. • Vitamins – water soluable and fat soluable; necessary for enzymes. • Minerals – inorganic earth materials; necessary for coenzymes. MEETING NUTRIENT NEEDS • Promote natural food growth – fertilizer • Culture food materials – brine shrimp and aquaponic lettuce • Capture food materials – copepods for snapper and cobia • Provide manufactured feed – floating or sinking fish feed FERTILIZER CULTURE FOOD MATERIALS CAPTURE FOOD MATERIALS PROVIDE MANUFACTURED FEED MANUFACTURE OF FEED • Ingredients – corn, soybean meal, meat/bone meal, blood meal, fish meal. • Life-stage feeds – larval, starter, grower, broodstock. • Bouyancy – floating feed contains more air; can observe animals. • Particle preparation – meals and pellets. FEEDING APPROACHES • Scheduled feeding – provided at specific time (ex. Redclaw crawfish before dark) • Juveniles need to feed more frequently than older animals. • Free-access feeding – making food available all the time by using automatic feeders. BUYING AND STORING FEED • Small producers usually buy feed in 50-pound bags. • Large producers usually buy feed in bulk. • When storing feed avoid the following: *insect infestation *rodent damage and contamination *spoilage or rancidity *contact with water *chemical contamination
