Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download File chapter 8 & 9 cellular r
Document related concepts
Transcript
Chapter 8 & 9 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration mgres?imgurl=http://ebiomedia.com/prod/LC/images/CellEnergy_img_26.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ebiomedia.com/prod/LC/LCenergy.html&h=302&w=489&sz=20&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=95WqaKO_GfzkvM:&tbnh=80&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCELLS%2BAND%2BENERGY%26svnum%3D10%26um%3D1%26hl%3 Chapter 8 & 9 Vocab 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Aerobic Anaerobic Fermentation Cellular respiration Photosynthesis Thylakoid Electron transport chain 8. NADP+ 9. Chlorophyll 10. Glycolysis 11. Krebs cycle 12. Calvin cycle 13. ADP 14. Autotroph 15. Heterotroph Formulas to Know!! • Photosynthesis CO2 + H2O light C6H12O6+ O2 Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + H2O + O2 CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP Fermentation C6H12O6 2 ATP + lactic acid C6H12O6 2 ATP + ethyl alcohol + CO2 5-1 Objectives • Compare the metabolism of autotrophs to that of heterotrophs. • Describe the role of ATP in metabolism. • Describe how energy is released from ATP. Energy Flows Between Organisms in Living Systems • 1. All energy comes from the sun. • 2. Autotrophs- convert the sun’s energy into chemical energy. – Photosynthesis – Chemotrophs-convert chemicals into energy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D69hGvCsWgA http://www.usoe.k12.ut.us/curr/science/sciber00/8th/energy/images/demo.jpg • 3. Heterotrophs- get energy from food. • 4. Cellular respirationrelease of energy from food to make ATP. – Energy is temporarily stored in ATP molecules – ATP-energy currency for the cell. – ATP is released to power chemcial reactions in cells. http://www.smartdraw.com/examples/presentation-edu/images/foodchain.gif ATP stores and releases energy. • 1. Adenosine triphosphate- ATP – 3 phosphates – Very unstable- phosphates are negatively charged and repel one another. – Removal of a phosphate group releases energy. http://www.cat.cc.md.us/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/images/atp.gif Adenosine Diphosphate-ADP • Removal of one phosphate from ATP releases energy. • This creates a new molecule-ADP • A phosphate can be added to ADP to create a new molecule of ATP http://www.abc.net.au/science/basics/img/atp-adp-cycle.jpg Like a rechargeable Battery Review Questions • 1. What is the difference between a eterotroph and an autotroph? • 2. What is cellular respiration? • 3. Where in the ATP molecule is the energy stored? • 4. What is ADP? • 5. What is ATP used for? 5-2 Objectives • Summarize how energy is captured from sunlight in the first stage of photosynthesis. • Relate the Calvin Cycle to carbon dioxide fixation. • Identify three environmental factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis. An overview of photosynthesis http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/ees/life/slides/light_dark_reactions.gif Photosynthetic Organisms Use Energy from Sunlight. • a. light reactionsrequire light. • b. pigments-absorb light. – Includes Chlorophyll a and b http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/chloroplasts/images/chloroplastsfigure1.jpg Production of Oxygen • Electrons are excited by the light energy. http://www.bios.niu.edu/sims/metabolism/c034f2c.gif www.citruscollege.edu/apps/pub.asp?Q=810 Light Reactions • 2. Excited electrons jump to an electron carrier- NADP+ • 3. Replacement electrons are provided by the splitting of water. http://www.eeb.uconn.edu/Courses/Bio108/Roland's%20files/Roland07/img009.jpg • NADP+ picks up 2 electrons and a Hydrogen ion and becomes NADPH. How is water split? 2 H2O + →4H + O2 4. 2 molecules of water make 4 hydrogen ions and 1 oxygen molecule. Stage 2: Light Energy is Converted into Chemical Energy • A. Excited electrons are used to produce new molecules that temporarily store chemical energy. • B. Uses an electron transport chain http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/ibbio/cellenergy/photopics/darklt.gif Stage 3: Energy is stored in organic compounds • a. called dark reactions- does not need light to occur. • b.carbon dioxide fixation-used to make organic compounds. http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/climate/images/carboncycle.jpg The Calvin Cycle • c. The Calvin Cycle – 1) produces 3 carbon sugars that will be later used to make organic compounds (like glucose). – 2) Energy is stored in these organic compounds. http://www.britannica.com/nobel/art/ophosyn002a4.gif Factors that affect photosynthesis • 1. Light – Increased light, increases photosynthesis • 2. Carbon Dioxide • 3. Temperature – Enzymes that control photosynthesis work best at warm temperatures. http://students.salisbury.edu/~ak09850/images/photosynthesisBASIC.jpg How do plants prevent water loss? http://www.marietta.edu/~spilatrs/biol103/photolab/stomata.gif http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/botanicalsciences/PlantHormones/PlantHormones/stomates.gif Stomata and Guard Cells • Guard Cells- Open and close to prevent the loss of water and to allow gas exchange. • Stomata- opening in middle of guard cell • Plants open stomata just enough to keep gas exchange going but not so much that they lose water http://www.hobart.k12.in.us/jkousen/Biology/lfstoma.jpg http://hcs.osu.edu/hcs300/gif/tsleaf.gif Review Questions • 6. What does chlorophyll do in photosynthesis? • 7. Why is water split during the first stage of photosynthesis? • 8. What gas is formed and the end of the first stage? • 9.What is the difference between the light and the dark reactions? • 10. What is the product of the Calvin Cycle? • 11. What are the reactants in photosynthesis? • 12. What are the products in photosynthesis? 5-3 Objectives • Summarize how glucose is broken down in the first stage of cellular respiration. • Describe how ATP is made during the second stage of cellular respiration. • Evaluate the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration. • Identify the role of fermentation in the second stage of cellular respiration. • How do we get access the energy from the sun? • We EAT Food Burns! Page 254 • • • • • • • • • THINK ABOUT IT Food burns! It’s true, of course, that many common foods (think of apples, bananas, and ground beef) have too much water in them to actually light with a match. However, foods with little water, including sugar and cooking oil, will indeed burn. In fact, fl our, which contains both carbohydrates and protein, is so flammable that it has caused several explosions, including the one seen here at London’s City Flour Mills in 1872 (which is why you’re not supposed to store fl our above a stove). So, plenty of energy is available in food, but how does a living cell extract that energy without setting a fire or blowing things up? Cellular Respiration: an Overview Stage 1: Glycolysis • Glucose is broken down – Glucose is converted into pyruvate and ATP – C6H12O6 pyruvate + 2 ATP http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/enyld1.gif Stage 2: The Krebs Cycle • 3.The energy from pyruvate is converted into: – a. NADH – b. FADH 4. Acetyl-CoA- is recycledpyruvate is converted to this at the beginning of the cycle 5. Products are transferred to the electron transport chain *all this takes place in the mitochondria! http://www.bartek.ca/images/gifs/Krebs_cycle.gif Stage 3: The Electron Transport Chain • 1. Energy from electrons is used to pump hydrogen ions out of the inner membrane of mitochondria. • 2. A concentration gradient is set up. • 3. As hydrogen ions pass through carrier proteins, a phosphate is added to ADP http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/ATPanim.gif Electron Transport Chain • 4. At the end of the chain, electrons are added to oxygen- the final electron acceptor! • 5. Water is formed http://fajerpc.magnet.fsu.edu/Education/2010/Lectures/19_Electron_Transport_files/image003.jpg CR Rocks • On average 36 ATP per molecule of glucose – 36% of the total energy of glucose – What happens to the rest of energy? – Released as heat – More efficient than a gas engine • Lipids and proteinscan be broken down and used in Krebs cycle. • So we can use other molecules besides glucose to make ATP Sometimes, Oxygen is NOT the final electron acceptor. • 1. nitrate- NO3 • 2. sulfate- SO4 • 3. Carbon dioxide-CO2 • 4. This is called anaeraobic respiration • Clostridium (gangrene, food poisoning, tetanus) • Porphyromonas (pneumonia, periodontitis) • Bifidobacterium (ear and abdominal infections) Clostridium Bifidobacterium Porphyromonas Fermentation • Follows glycolysis in the absence of oxygen www.begod.org/begod.html Lactic Acid Fermentation • C6H12O6 lactic acid 2 ATP + Oxygen debt- a person cannot take in enough oxygen to continue cellular respiration. Lactic acid-Can build up in muscle cells and cause soreness. http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/modlacticacidferm.jpg Alcoholic Fermentation • Overview: C6H12O6 ATP + ethyl alcohol+ CO2 2 Yeasts and bacteriaUse fermentation and can be used to make bread, beer and wine. http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/modalcoholicferm.jpg Glycolysis vs. Fermentation: The Fate of Pyruvate http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/makeatp/pyraerobic.jpg Review Questions • 13. What are the products of glycolysis? • 14. What molecule is recycled during the Krebs cycle? • 15. What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? • 16. In which phase of aerobic respiration is water formed? • 17. How much ATP is made during glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain? • 18. What organisms do fermentation? • 19. Fermentation is identical to what process in aerobic respiration?
