Download Chapter 8 2015 - Franklin College

Topic Outline-Photosynthesis
Topic Outline-Photosynthesis
(continued)
Figure 10-01
Figure 10.1 Photoautotrophs
A reaction with a positive delta
G
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Is exergonic
can occur if an enzyme is
present that changes its delta
G to a negative value
Is spontaneous
Proceeds from a state of
lower free energy to higher
free energy
More than one of the above
All of the above
50%
26%
11%
8%
5%
0%
1
2
3
4
5
6
If a reaction is slowed down by an inhibitor and speeds up
as more substrate is added; the inhibition is most likely:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Irreversible
Competitive
Noncompetitive
Allosteric
More than one of
the above
72%
21%
7%
0%
1
0%
2
3
4
5
Substrate level phosphorylation
occurs in:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Glycolysis
Citric acid cycle
ETS
More than one of
the above
5. All of the above
79%
15%
6%
1
0%
0%
2
3
4
5
This is required to make ATP by
oxidative phosphorylation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
An ATPase channel protein
A mitochondrial inner
membrane impermeable to
H+ ions
Reduced coenzymes
Oxygen
More than one of the above
All of the above
45%
30%
9%
3%
1
9%
3%
2
3
4
5
6
It is possible for pyruvate to be converted into this
molecule during cellular metabolism
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Acetyl CO-A
Lactic acid
Fats
all of the above
More than one of
the above
31%
31%
29%
6%
3%
1
2
3
4
5
This is allows the ETS to produced ATP by
oxidative phosphorylation:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The ETS carriers are
asymetrically distributed
within the mitochondrial inner
membrane
There are two types of ETS
carriers; hydrogen only and
electron only
Water spontaneously
dissociates in the matrix of the
mitochondria
More than one of the above
All of the above
45%
36%
12%
6%
0%
1
2
3
4
5
LE 10-4
Products:
12 H2O
6 CO2
Reactants:
C6H12O6
6 H2O
6 O2
A summary of Photosynthesis
LE 10-5_1
H2O
Light
LIGHT
REACTIONS
Chloroplast
LE 10-5_2
H2O
Light
LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2
LE 10-5_3
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
+ Pi
LIGHT
REACTIONS
CALVIN
CYCLE
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2
[CH2O]
(sugar)
LE 10-3
Leaf cross section
Vein
Mesophyll
Stomata
CO2 O2
Mesophyll cell
Chloroplast
5 µm
Outer
membrane
Thylakoid
Thylakoid
Stroma Granum
space
Intermembrane
space
Inner
membrane
1 µm
In photosynthesis, which of the
following becomes reduced?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Carbon dioxide
Water
NADP
More than one of
the above
5. All of the above
46%
29%
11%
11%
3%
1
2
3
4
5
In photosynthesis, what is the source of the
electrons that reduce CO2 into glucose?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Oxygen
NADP
ATP
water
54%
32%
11%
3%
1
2
3
4
Which of the following is not part of the light
dependent reactions of photosynthesis?
1. Splitting of water
2. Reduction (fixation) of
C02
3. Reduction of NADP
4. Formation of ATP
5. Photophosphorylation
35%
24%
22%
14%
5%
1
2
3
4
5
Which of the following occurs in
the stroma?
1. Splitting of water
2. Reduction (fixation) of
C02
3. Reduction of NADP
4. Formation of ATP
5. Photophosphorylation
38%
18%
18%
15%
12%
1
2
3
4
5
As a plant grows, it increases in mass. Where
does that increased mass come from?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Water
The soil
Carbon dioxide
sunlight
65%
22%
8%
1
2
3
5%
4
Figure 10.9 Location and structure of chlorophyll molecules in plants
LE 10-6
10–5 nm 10–3 nm
Gamma
rays
103 nm
1 nm
X-rays
106 nm
Infrared
UV
1m
(109 nm)
Microwaves
103 m
Radio
waves
Visible light
380
450
500
Shorter wavelength
Higher energy
550
600
650
700
750 nm
Longer wavelength
Lower energy
LE 10-7
Light
Reflected
light
Chloroplast
Absorbed
light
Granum
Transmitted
light
LE 10-8a
White
light
Refracting
prism
Chlorophyll
solution
Photoelectric
tube
Galvanometer
0
Slit moves to
pass light
of selected
wavelength
Green
light
100
The high transmittance
(low absorption)
reading indicates that
chlorophyll absorbs
very little green light.
LE 10-9a
Absorption of light by
chloroplast pigments
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
Carotenoids
400
500
600
Wavelength of light (nm)
Absorption spectra
700
LE 10-10
CH3
CHO
in chlorophyll a
in chlorophyll b
Porphyrin ring:
light-absorbing
“head” of
molecule; note
magnesium atom
at center
Hydrocarbon tail:
interacts with
hydrophobic
regions of proteins inside
thylakoid membranes of
chloroplasts; H atoms not
shown
Figure 10.8 Evidence that chloroplast pigments participate in photosynthesis:
absorption and action spectra for photosynthesis in an alga
A summary of Photosynthesis
LE 10-11a
e–
Excited
state
Heat
Photon
Chlorophyll
molecule
Photon
(fluorescence)
Ground
state
Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule
LE 10-11
e–
Excited
state
Heat
Photon
Chlorophyll
molecule
Photon
(fluorescence)
Ground
state
Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule
Fluorescence
Which of the following is true
about a spontaneous reaction?
1. It’s delta G is positive
2. The free energy of the
products is less than that
of the reactants
3. It requires an input of
energy
4. It never requires an
enzyme
52%
30%
15%
3%
1
2
3
4
Of the 36 ATP/glucose produced by aerobic
cellular respiration, 32 of them are produced:
1. By glycolysis
2. By the citric acid
cycle
3. During the
electron transport
system
4. By substrate-level
phosphorylation
74%
21%
6%
0%
1
2
3
4
Chlorophyll:
1. Is a pigment
2. Consists of a porphyrin
ring and a long
hydrocarbon “tail”
3. Is associated with the
thylakoid membranes
4. More than one of the
above
5. All of the above
53%
47%
0%
1
0%
0%
2
3
4
5
Fluroescence:
1. Refers to light that is
reflected by pigments
2. Refers to light that is
transmitted through a
leaf
3. Requires membranes to
occur
4. Is light that is emitted
when an excited electron
returns to ground state
5. 1 and 3
57%
27%
10%
7%
0%
1
2
3
4
5
LE 10-12
Thylakoid
Photosystem
Photon
Thylakoid membrane
Light-harvesting
complexes
Reaction
center
STROMA
Primary electron
acceptor
e–
Transfer
of energy
Special
chlorophyll a
molecules
Pigment
molecules
THYLAKOID SPACE
(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
LE 10-14
e–
ATP
e–
e–
NADPH
e–
e–
e–
Mill
makes
ATP
e–
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
LE 10-13_1
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP
NADPH
O2
[CH2O] (sugar)
Primary
acceptor
Energy of electrons
e–
Light
P680
Photosystem II
(PS II)
LE 10-13_2
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP
NADPH
O2
[CH2O] (sugar)
Energy of electrons
Primary
acceptor
2
H+
1/ 2
+
O2
Light
H2O
e–
e–
e–
P680
Photosystem II
(PS II)
LE 10-13_3
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP
NADPH
O2
[CH2O] (sugar)
Primary
acceptor
Energy of electrons
Pq
2 H+
+
1/ 2 O 2
Light
H2O
e–
Cytochrome
complex
Pc
e–
e–
P680
ATP
Photosystem II
(PS II)
LE 10-13_4
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP
NADPH
O2
[CH2O] (sugar)
Primary
acceptor
Primary
acceptor
e–
Energy of electrons
Pq
2
H+
1/ 2
+
O2
Light
H2O
e–
Cytochrome
complex
Pc
e–
e–
P700
P680
Light
ATP
Photosystem II
(PS II)
Photosystem I
(PS I)
LE 10-13_5
H2 O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP
NADPH
O2
[CH2O] (sugar)
Primary
acceptor
Primary
acceptor
e–
Pq
Energy of electrons
2
H+
e–
H2O
Cytochrome
complex
+
1/2 O2
Light
Fd
e–
e–
NADP+
reductase
Pc
e–
e–
NADPH
+ H+
P700
P680
Light
ATP
Photosystem II
(PS II)
NADP+
+ 2 H+
Photosystem I
(PS I)
LE 10-17
H2 O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP
NADPH
STROMA
(Low H+ concentration)
O2
[CH2O] (sugar)
Cytochrome
complex
Photosystem II
Light
2
Photosystem I
Light
NADP+
reductase
H+
NADP+ + 2H+
Fd
NADPH + H+
Pq
H2O
THYLAKOID SPACE
(High H+ concentration)
1/2
Pc
O2
+2 H+
2 H+
To
Calvin
cycle
Thylakoid
membrane
STROMA
(Low H+ concentration)
ATP
synthase
ADP
+
Pi
ATP
H+
LE 10-16
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE
MITOCHONDRION
STRUCTURE
H+
Intermembrane
space
Membrane
Lower [H+]
Thylakoid
space
Electron
transport
chain
ATP
synthase
Key
Higher [H+]
Diffusion
Stroma
Matrix
ADP + P i
ATP
H+
LE 10-21
Light reactions
Calvin cycle
H2O
CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
+ Pi
RuBP
Photosystem II
Electron transport
chain
Photosystem I
ATP
NADPH
3-Phosphoglycerate
G3P
Starch
(storage)
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Chloroplast
O2
Sucrose (export)
LE 10-18_1
H2 O
CO2
Input
Light
(Entering one
CO2 at a time)
3
NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
NADPH
Rubisco
O2
[CH2O] (sugar)
3 P
Short-lived
intermediate
P
P
6
3-Phosphoglycerate
3 P
P
Ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP)
6
6 ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
ATP
LE 10-18_2
H2O
CO2
Input
Light
(Entering one
CO2 at a time)
3
NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
NADPH
Rubisco
O2
[CH2O] (sugar)
3 P
P
Short-lived
intermediate
3 P
P
6
P
3-Phosphoglycerate
Ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP)
6
ATP
6 ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
6 P
P
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6 NADPH
6 NADP+
6 Pi
6
P
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
1
P
G3P
(a sugar)
Output
Glucose and
other organic
compounds
Phase 2:
Reduction
LE 10-18_3
H2O
CO2
Input
Light
(Entering one
CO2 at a time)
3
NADP+
ADP
CALVIN
CYCLE
LIGHT
REACTIONS
ATP
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
NADPH
Rubisco
O2
[CH2O] (sugar)
3 P
P
Short-lived
intermediate
3 P
P
6
P
3-Phosphoglycerate
Ribulose bisphosphate
(RuBP)
6
ATP
6 ADP
3 ADP
3
CALVIN
CYCLE
6 P
ATP
P
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6 NADPH
Phase 3:
Regeneration of
the CO2 acceptor
(RuBP)
6 NADP+
6 Pi
P
5
G3P
6
P
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
1
P
G3P
(a sugar)
Output
Glucose and
other organic
compounds
Phase 2:
Reduction
LE 9-9a_1
Glucose
ATP
Hexokinase
ADP
Glucose-6-phosphate
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
ATP
ATP
Oxidation
phosphorylation
ATP
LE 9-9a_2
Glucose
ATP
Hexokinase
ADP
Glucose-6-phosphate
Phosphoglucoisomerase
Fructose-6-phosphate
ATP
Phosphofructokinase
ADP
Fructose1, 6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
Isomerase
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
ATP
ATP
Oxidation
phosphorylation
ATP
LE 10-19
Photosynthetic
cells of C4 plant
leaf
Mesophyll
cell
PEP carboxylase
Mesophyll cell
CO2
Bundlesheath
cell
The C4 pathway
Oxaloacetate (4 C) PEP (3 C)
Vein
(vascular tissue)
ADP
Malate (4 C)
ATP
C4 leaf anatomy
Stoma
Bundlesheath
cell
Pyruvate (3 C)
CO2
CALVIN
CYCLE
Sugar
Vascular
tissue
LE 10-20
Sugarcane
Pineapple
CAM
C4
CO2
Mesophyll
cell
Organic acid
Bundlesheath
cell
CO2
CO2 incorporated
into four-carbon Organic acid
organic acids
(carbon fixation)
CO2
CALVIN
CYCLE
Sugar
Spatial separation of steps
CO2
Organic acids
release CO2 to
Calvin cycle
Night
Day
CALVIN
CYCLE
Sugar
Temporal separation of steps