Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Topic Outline-Photosynthesis Topic Outline-Photosynthesis (continued) Figure 10-01 Figure 10.1 Photoautotrophs A reaction with a positive delta G 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Is exergonic can occur if an enzyme is present that changes its delta G to a negative value Is spontaneous Proceeds from a state of lower free energy to higher free energy More than one of the above All of the above 50% 26% 11% 8% 5% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 If a reaction is slowed down by an inhibitor and speeds up as more substrate is added; the inhibition is most likely: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Irreversible Competitive Noncompetitive Allosteric More than one of the above 72% 21% 7% 0% 1 0% 2 3 4 5 Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in: 1. 2. 3. 4. Glycolysis Citric acid cycle ETS More than one of the above 5. All of the above 79% 15% 6% 1 0% 0% 2 3 4 5 This is required to make ATP by oxidative phosphorylation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. An ATPase channel protein A mitochondrial inner membrane impermeable to H+ ions Reduced coenzymes Oxygen More than one of the above All of the above 45% 30% 9% 3% 1 9% 3% 2 3 4 5 6 It is possible for pyruvate to be converted into this molecule during cellular metabolism 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Acetyl CO-A Lactic acid Fats all of the above More than one of the above 31% 31% 29% 6% 3% 1 2 3 4 5 This is allows the ETS to produced ATP by oxidative phosphorylation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The ETS carriers are asymetrically distributed within the mitochondrial inner membrane There are two types of ETS carriers; hydrogen only and electron only Water spontaneously dissociates in the matrix of the mitochondria More than one of the above All of the above 45% 36% 12% 6% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 LE 10-4 Products: 12 H2O 6 CO2 Reactants: C6H12O6 6 H2O 6 O2 A summary of Photosynthesis LE 10-5_1 H2O Light LIGHT REACTIONS Chloroplast LE 10-5_2 H2O Light LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH Chloroplast O2 LE 10-5_3 H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP + Pi LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE ATP NADPH Chloroplast O2 [CH2O] (sugar) LE 10-3 Leaf cross section Vein Mesophyll Stomata CO2 O2 Mesophyll cell Chloroplast 5 µm Outer membrane Thylakoid Thylakoid Stroma Granum space Intermembrane space Inner membrane 1 µm In photosynthesis, which of the following becomes reduced? 1. 2. 3. 4. Carbon dioxide Water NADP More than one of the above 5. All of the above 46% 29% 11% 11% 3% 1 2 3 4 5 In photosynthesis, what is the source of the electrons that reduce CO2 into glucose? 1. 2. 3. 4. Oxygen NADP ATP water 54% 32% 11% 3% 1 2 3 4 Which of the following is not part of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis? 1. Splitting of water 2. Reduction (fixation) of C02 3. Reduction of NADP 4. Formation of ATP 5. Photophosphorylation 35% 24% 22% 14% 5% 1 2 3 4 5 Which of the following occurs in the stroma? 1. Splitting of water 2. Reduction (fixation) of C02 3. Reduction of NADP 4. Formation of ATP 5. Photophosphorylation 38% 18% 18% 15% 12% 1 2 3 4 5 As a plant grows, it increases in mass. Where does that increased mass come from? 1. 2. 3. 4. Water The soil Carbon dioxide sunlight 65% 22% 8% 1 2 3 5% 4 Figure 10.9 Location and structure of chlorophyll molecules in plants LE 10-6 10–5 nm 10–3 nm Gamma rays 103 nm 1 nm X-rays 106 nm Infrared UV 1m (109 nm) Microwaves 103 m Radio waves Visible light 380 450 500 Shorter wavelength Higher energy 550 600 650 700 750 nm Longer wavelength Lower energy LE 10-7 Light Reflected light Chloroplast Absorbed light Granum Transmitted light LE 10-8a White light Refracting prism Chlorophyll solution Photoelectric tube Galvanometer 0 Slit moves to pass light of selected wavelength Green light 100 The high transmittance (low absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs very little green light. LE 10-9a Absorption of light by chloroplast pigments Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids 400 500 600 Wavelength of light (nm) Absorption spectra 700 LE 10-10 CH3 CHO in chlorophyll a in chlorophyll b Porphyrin ring: light-absorbing “head” of molecule; note magnesium atom at center Hydrocarbon tail: interacts with hydrophobic regions of proteins inside thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; H atoms not shown Figure 10.8 Evidence that chloroplast pigments participate in photosynthesis: absorption and action spectra for photosynthesis in an alga A summary of Photosynthesis LE 10-11a e– Excited state Heat Photon Chlorophyll molecule Photon (fluorescence) Ground state Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule LE 10-11 e– Excited state Heat Photon Chlorophyll molecule Photon (fluorescence) Ground state Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule Fluorescence Which of the following is true about a spontaneous reaction? 1. It’s delta G is positive 2. The free energy of the products is less than that of the reactants 3. It requires an input of energy 4. It never requires an enzyme 52% 30% 15% 3% 1 2 3 4 Of the 36 ATP/glucose produced by aerobic cellular respiration, 32 of them are produced: 1. By glycolysis 2. By the citric acid cycle 3. During the electron transport system 4. By substrate-level phosphorylation 74% 21% 6% 0% 1 2 3 4 Chlorophyll: 1. Is a pigment 2. Consists of a porphyrin ring and a long hydrocarbon “tail” 3. Is associated with the thylakoid membranes 4. More than one of the above 5. All of the above 53% 47% 0% 1 0% 0% 2 3 4 5 Fluroescence: 1. Refers to light that is reflected by pigments 2. Refers to light that is transmitted through a leaf 3. Requires membranes to occur 4. Is light that is emitted when an excited electron returns to ground state 5. 1 and 3 57% 27% 10% 7% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 LE 10-12 Thylakoid Photosystem Photon Thylakoid membrane Light-harvesting complexes Reaction center STROMA Primary electron acceptor e– Transfer of energy Special chlorophyll a molecules Pigment molecules THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) LE 10-14 e– ATP e– e– NADPH e– e– e– Mill makes ATP e– Photosystem II Photosystem I LE 10-13_1 H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH O2 [CH2O] (sugar) Primary acceptor Energy of electrons e– Light P680 Photosystem II (PS II) LE 10-13_2 H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH O2 [CH2O] (sugar) Energy of electrons Primary acceptor 2 H+ 1/ 2 + O2 Light H2O e– e– e– P680 Photosystem II (PS II) LE 10-13_3 H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH O2 [CH2O] (sugar) Primary acceptor Energy of electrons Pq 2 H+ + 1/ 2 O 2 Light H2O e– Cytochrome complex Pc e– e– P680 ATP Photosystem II (PS II) LE 10-13_4 H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH O2 [CH2O] (sugar) Primary acceptor Primary acceptor e– Energy of electrons Pq 2 H+ 1/ 2 + O2 Light H2O e– Cytochrome complex Pc e– e– P700 P680 Light ATP Photosystem II (PS II) Photosystem I (PS I) LE 10-13_5 H2 O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH O2 [CH2O] (sugar) Primary acceptor Primary acceptor e– Pq Energy of electrons 2 H+ e– H2O Cytochrome complex + 1/2 O2 Light Fd e– e– NADP+ reductase Pc e– e– NADPH + H+ P700 P680 Light ATP Photosystem II (PS II) NADP+ + 2 H+ Photosystem I (PS I) LE 10-17 H2 O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP NADPH STROMA (Low H+ concentration) O2 [CH2O] (sugar) Cytochrome complex Photosystem II Light 2 Photosystem I Light NADP+ reductase H+ NADP+ + 2H+ Fd NADPH + H+ Pq H2O THYLAKOID SPACE (High H+ concentration) 1/2 Pc O2 +2 H+ 2 H+ To Calvin cycle Thylakoid membrane STROMA (Low H+ concentration) ATP synthase ADP + Pi ATP H+ LE 10-16 Mitochondrion Chloroplast CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE MITOCHONDRION STRUCTURE H+ Intermembrane space Membrane Lower [H+] Thylakoid space Electron transport chain ATP synthase Key Higher [H+] Diffusion Stroma Matrix ADP + P i ATP H+ LE 10-21 Light reactions Calvin cycle H2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP + Pi RuBP Photosystem II Electron transport chain Photosystem I ATP NADPH 3-Phosphoglycerate G3P Starch (storage) Amino acids Fatty acids Chloroplast O2 Sucrose (export) LE 10-18_1 H2 O CO2 Input Light (Entering one CO2 at a time) 3 NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP Phase 1: Carbon fixation NADPH Rubisco O2 [CH2O] (sugar) 3 P Short-lived intermediate P P 6 3-Phosphoglycerate 3 P P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 6 6 ADP CALVIN CYCLE ATP LE 10-18_2 H2O CO2 Input Light (Entering one CO2 at a time) 3 NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP Phase 1: Carbon fixation NADPH Rubisco O2 [CH2O] (sugar) 3 P P Short-lived intermediate 3 P P 6 P 3-Phosphoglycerate Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 6 ATP 6 ADP CALVIN CYCLE 6 P P 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 6 NADPH 6 NADP+ 6 Pi 6 P Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) 1 P G3P (a sugar) Output Glucose and other organic compounds Phase 2: Reduction LE 10-18_3 H2O CO2 Input Light (Entering one CO2 at a time) 3 NADP+ ADP CALVIN CYCLE LIGHT REACTIONS ATP Phase 1: Carbon fixation NADPH Rubisco O2 [CH2O] (sugar) 3 P P Short-lived intermediate 3 P P 6 P 3-Phosphoglycerate Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 6 ATP 6 ADP 3 ADP 3 CALVIN CYCLE 6 P ATP P 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 6 NADPH Phase 3: Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP) 6 NADP+ 6 Pi P 5 G3P 6 P Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) 1 P G3P (a sugar) Output Glucose and other organic compounds Phase 2: Reduction LE 9-9a_1 Glucose ATP Hexokinase ADP Glucose-6-phosphate Glycolysis Citric acid cycle ATP ATP Oxidation phosphorylation ATP LE 9-9a_2 Glucose ATP Hexokinase ADP Glucose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose-6-phosphate ATP Phosphofructokinase ADP Fructose1, 6-bisphosphate Aldolase Isomerase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate Glycolysis Citric acid cycle ATP ATP Oxidation phosphorylation ATP LE 10-19 Photosynthetic cells of C4 plant leaf Mesophyll cell PEP carboxylase Mesophyll cell CO2 Bundlesheath cell The C4 pathway Oxaloacetate (4 C) PEP (3 C) Vein (vascular tissue) ADP Malate (4 C) ATP C4 leaf anatomy Stoma Bundlesheath cell Pyruvate (3 C) CO2 CALVIN CYCLE Sugar Vascular tissue LE 10-20 Sugarcane Pineapple CAM C4 CO2 Mesophyll cell Organic acid Bundlesheath cell CO2 CO2 incorporated into four-carbon Organic acid organic acids (carbon fixation) CO2 CALVIN CYCLE Sugar Spatial separation of steps CO2 Organic acids release CO2 to Calvin cycle Night Day CALVIN CYCLE Sugar Temporal separation of steps