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Living Environment, Mr. Graham
Periodic Table of Elements
What are living things made of?
 Living things are composed
mainly of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen.
Macromolecules
 Macromolecules are large molecules which are built by
joining smaller molecules together. The smaller
molecules are called monomers, which join together to
form polymers.
Organic vs. Inorganic Molecules
Organic – Contains both C and H
 Examples:
 Carbohydrates (Sugars)
 Lipids (Fats)
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acid (RNA, DNA)
Inorganic – Doesn’t contain both
C and H
 Examples:
 Water (H2O)
 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
 Oxygen (O2)
 Salts (i.e. NaCl)
 Minerals
Four Organic Compounds
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids (Fats)
 Proteins
 Nucleic Acid
Building large molecules of life
 Chain together smaller molecules
 building block molecules = monomers
 Big molecules built from little molecules
 polymers
Building large organic
molecules
 Small molecules = building blocks
 Bond them together = polymers
Making and Breaking of
POLYMERS
 Cells link monomers to form polymers by dehydration
synthesis (building up)
Short polymer
Unlinked monomer
Removal
of
water
molecule
Longer polymer
Building important polymers
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – suga
Proteins = built from amino acids
amino amino amino amino amino amino
acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide –
nucleotide
Example of synthesis
amino acids
protein
 Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino
acids
amino acids = building block
protein = polymer
How to take large molecules apart
 Hydrolysis (Digestion)
 taking big molecules apart
 getting raw materials

for synthesis & growth
 making energy (ATP)

for synthesis, growth & everyday functions
+
ATP
Making and Breaking of
POLYMERS
 Polymers are broken down to monomers by the reverse
process, hydrolysis (hydro ~ add water; lysis ~ to split)
Addition of
water molecule
Example of digestion
ATP
ATP
ATP
starch
ATP
ATP
ATP
glucose
ATP
 Starch is digested to glucose
Carbohydrates – breads, pastas,
and potatoes.
 Living things use
carbohydrates as their main
source of energy.
 There are three main types of
carbohydrates.
 Monosaccharide - glucose
 Disaccharides - sucrose
 Polysaccharides – starch,
cellulose, and glycogen.
Carbohydrates
 Building block molecules =
sugars
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar
Building carbohydrates
1 sugar =
 Synthesis
monosaccharide
|
glucose
|
glucose
mono = one
saccharide = sugar
di = two
2 sugars =
disaccharide
|
maltose
BIG carbohydrates
 Polysaccharides
 large carbohydrates
starch
 energy storage in plants
 potatoes
 glycogen
 energy storage in animals
 in liver & muscles
poly = many cellulose
 structure in plants
 cell walls
 chitin
 structure in arthropods & fungi
 exoskeleton

Cellulose
 Cell walls in plants
 herbivores can digest cellulose well
 most carnivores cannot digest cellulose


that’s why they
eat meat
to get their energy
& nutrients
cellulose = roughage
 stays undigested
 keeps material
moving in your
intestines
Cellulose
 Cell walls in plants
 herbivores can digest cellulose well
 most carnivores cannot digest cellulose


that’s why they
eat meat
to get their energy
& nutrients
cellulose = roughage
 stays undigested
 keeps material
moving in your
intestines
Proteins – meats such as steak,
and chicken.
 Proteins have many different
functions. The monomer
that builds proteins is called
an amino acid.
 Enzymes – catalyze chemical
reactions.
 Antibodies (immune system)
– protect the body from
pathogens.
 Hormones – chemical
messengers.
 Receptor Molecules – cellular
communication
For
proteins:
matters!
 Proteins
fold & twistSHAPE
into 3-D shape
 that’s what happens in the cell!
 Different shapes = different jobs
growth
hormone
hemoglobin
pepsin
collagen
Amino acids can be linked by
peptide bonds
 Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis
 The bonds between amino acid monomers are called peptide
bonds
PEPTIDE
BOND
Dehydration
synthesis
Amino acid
Amino acid
Dipeptide
Lipids – bacon, burgers, and pizza.
 Lipids can be used to store energy. Some are important
parts of biological membranes (cell membranes)
 Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Lipids
 Function:
 energy storage


very concentrated
twice the energy as carbohydrates!
 cell membrane
 cushions organs
 insulates body

think whale blubber!
Other
lipids are
inmade
biology
 Cell membranes
out of lipids
 phospholipids
 heads are on the outside touching water
 “like” water
 tails are on inside away from water
 “scared” of water
 forms a barrier
between the cell
& the outside
2003-2004
Nucleic Acids
 DNA and RNA are nucleic
acids. Deoxyribonucleic acid
and ribonucleic acid. Nucleic
acids store and transmit
hereditary information.
 Nucleotides are the monomer
of nucleic acids.
Nucleotide
chains
 Nucleic acids
sugar N base
phosphate
 nucleotides chained into a
polymer

sugar N base
DNA
double-sided
 double helix
 A, C, G, T
phosphate


strong bonds
sugar N base
RNA
phosphate
single-sided
 A, C, G, U

sugar N base
phosphate
RNA
Indicators – a substance that changes color in the
presence of a specific chemical.
 Lugol’s Solution (Iodine)
 Tests for starch
 Benedict’s Solution
 Test for monosacchrides (i.e. glucose)
 Litmus Paper
 Tests for Acids and Bases
 Bromothymol Blue
 Test for Carbon Dioxide
Lugol’s Solution
 Yellow = no starch
 Brown/Black = starch
Benedict’s Solution
 Blue = no glucose
 Brown = glucose
 The solution with
Benedict’s solution
MUST be heated for 3-5
minutes in order to
properly conduct this
test.
Negative Test
Positive Test
Bromothymol Blue
 Blue = basic (> 7.6)
 Green = neutral (~7.0)
 Yellow = acidic (< 6.0)