Download 17.dogs.cats.1 - Iowa State University: Animal Science Computer

Feeds and Feeding of Companion
Animals - 1
March 11, 2013
M.E. Persia
Iowa State University
4/16/2012
Power of Nutrition
• We can use nutrition to manage:
– Production
– Feed Efficiency
• Least Cost – maximum return
– Immunity
– Longevity
– Health
– Behavior
Companion Animal Numbers
2011 Beef Inventory = 92.5 Million
American Association of Pet Products
USDA, National Cattlemen’s Beef Association
Why should you care?
$44 billion 2011 beef
economic impact
American Association of Pet Products
USDA, National Cattlemen’s Beef Association
How we spend on our pets
4%
8%
38%
26%
24%
American Association of Pet Products
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
Digestive Tract
• Short digestive tract
– 4 meters (human = 8 – 9 meters)
– Ratio of body length to intestine:
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Human = 1:10
Dog = 1:6
Cat = 1:4
Horse = 1:12
• Stomach
– Low pH (increased water intake lowers pH)
– Pepsin (most active with ingestion of collagen)
– Lipase
Sagawa et al., 2009; Reece, 2006; NRC, 2006
Advantages to short digestive tract
• Rapid digestion and absorption of proteins and
fats
• Very fast passage rate
– Microbes quickly pass
• Ability to eat raw diets and whole prey
• Low capacity for fermentation
– Few putrefactive compounds produced
– Limited ability to digest complex carbohydrates
• Starch needs to be cooked for use as a viable carbohydrate
source!
CARNIVORE IDIOSYNCRACIES
Skeletal Adaptations
• Fused wrist bones
– absorbs shock of
running
• Short collarbone
– increased mobility and longer stride
• Flexible spine
• Felids have retractile
claws
• Evolved predators
Domestication
• Dog (15,000 years ago)
– Genetic lineage
• Fox-like canids (Arctic fox, red fox, raccoon dog, bat-eared
fox)
• South American canids (Crab-eating fox, maned wolf, bush
dog)
• Wolf-like canids (jackals, gray wolf, dogs, African hunting
dog)
• Cat (12 – 15,000 years ago)
– 15,000 years ago (Mediterranean)
– European wildcat (Felis sylvestris)
– Is it really domesticated?
Considering the Impact of Domestication on Diet
and Feeding
Carbohydrate
Metabolism
Fat
Metabolism
Protein
Metabolism
Urea Cycle
• Nutrigenomics – effects of nutrients on
gene expression.
• Known genomes
• Nutrients influence gene expression
• mRNA production (transcription)
• mRNA processing
• Protein production (translation)
• Post-translational modifications
How then did domestication alter nutrient
needs of dogs and why are their needs
different than wolves?
•10 genes regulating starch and fat digestion
are different in dogs (Nature, 2013: Jan 23)
History of Petfoods
The Petfood Industry
Historical Timeline
James Spratt = “Spratt Cakes”
1866
FH Bennett = Milk Bone
1908
20’s and 30’s
Canned
Oatmeal and Cornflakes
Pelleting
40’s and 50’s
World War II Rationing
“Dogs Need Meat”
• B12 deficiency
• 1954 1st Extrusion
The Petfood Industry
Historical Timeline
50’s and 60’s
Began a societal shift
toward
• Pets as family
• Companion animal
research
70’s and 80’s
Therapeutic and clinical
diets
1990’s to present
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Holistic/Organic movement
Super-premium
Raw diets
Nutrigenomics
Petfood Regulations
– Agencies involved in Petfood industry
• FDA, USDA, DHS, CDC, EPA, FTC, AAFCO
– US Marshals
• FDA audits companies for vendor documents
• AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials) –
operates through state level bills with individual state health
and agricultural agencies.
• Recalls – melamine…what went wrong?
Feeding Commercial Diets
• Good news
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Commercial diets must supply analytical compositions
Regulated by FDA, AAFCO
Nutrients must meet or exceed requirements (NRC, AAFCO)
Monitored and recalled
Big companies have some advantages (on staff nutritionists, vets,
etc…)
• Bad news
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Not required to test regularly
Quantity has nothing to do with quality
Feed companies can change their formulas
Requirements are published in a different unit than analyses on
the product
– Ingredient consistency
Processing
• Extruded
– 10 – 12% moisture; must contain significant carbohydrate.
– Higher in starch and lower in fats and proteins than canned.
• Canned
– 70 – 80% moisture; contain higher concentrations of fat and
protein, meats.
– Retort process – heat and pressure cooking after the can has
been filled and sealed. Sterilizes. Doesn’t have to be just cans.
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Pelleted
Semi-Moist
Expanded
Dehydrated
Baked
Canned
Major Processing Considerations
• Starch-Lipid complexes
– Starch holds kibble together during extrusion
• Maillard reactions
– Can reduce palatability (cats primarily)
– Can reduce protein quality
• Fat concentrations – majority of fat added/sprayed on after
extrusion
– Increases palatability
• Mold
• Nutrient losses
– Canning – Thiamin, pyridoxine, biotin, carotenoids, Vitamin C (>
50% in cat foods)
– Extrusion – Thiamin, Vitamin A and E (up to 25% loss)
Ingredients Used: Proteins
• Protein Sources (defined by AAFCO)
– Meats (turkey, chicken, etc…)
• Clean flesh and skin with or without bone - exclusive of feathers, heads,
feet, and entrails.
– Meat meals (chicken meal, turkey meal, lamb meal, etc…)
• Dry, rendered (cooked down) product from clean flesh and skin…
– By products (chicken by-products)
• Rendered, clean parts of the carcass of slaughtered chicken, such as
heads, feet, viscera, etc…
• Examples: organ meats
– By product meal (poultry by product meal)
• Ground, rendered, clean parts of the carcasses of slaughtered poultry…
– Plant proteins
• Soy bean meal
• Corn gluten meal
Ingredients Used: Proteins
• Must consider essential amino acids (completeness)
• Must consider biological value (BV)
– Egg (98%) vs. Corn (45%)
– Meats much higher BV for carnivores
• Rendering reduces digestibility and protein quality of
meats (more with poultry protein sources).
• Species rendered products have higher protein quality
than unidentified species (chicken meal is better than
poultry meal) – although some differences are minor.
Ingredients Used: Fats
• Carnivores digest fat VERY efficiently (>90%)
– Most digestible nutrient in kibble/canned diets
– Can be 99% in raw diets
• Fat aids palatability
• Increases overall diet digestibility
• Linoleic acid – poultry and pork fats > beef
– Arachidonic acid only from animal fat – no plants
• 1% of diet DM should be EFA (2% of Kcal intake)
Ingredients used: Carbs
• As long as they are cooked/processed
– Dogs can utilize 65-70% carbs
– Cats can utlize 35 – 40% carbs
– Digestibility can be >85%
• Not essential, but provide lower cost Kcal source
• Types
– Meals
• (Corn) = entire corn kernel, finely ground
– Grits, midds, mill run (wheat midds, wheat mill run)
• Are coarsely ground grains from which the bran and germ have been
removed, usually screened to uniform particle size.
– Flour
• (Corn, wheat or rice) Fine sized hard flinty portions of ground corn
containing little or none of the bran or germ, highly processed.
Ingredients Used: Additives (palatants)
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Artificial and natural flavors
Cats
•Meat ingredients
Fats
•Inorganic acids (phosphoric acid)
Animal proteins
•Lower pH
Citrus bioflavanoids
•Cystine
•Glycine
Animal digests
Dogs
Monosodium glutamate
•Fat
Acidified yeast
•Sugar
•Meat ingredients
HCl
•Lysine
L-lysine
•Whey
Phosphoric Acid
Sweeteners (dogs)
More effective on extruded diet. Canned
diets, protein selection is more important.
My pet has been on this food for years and just got sick?
What goes wrong?
• Could be an ingredient change
• Bacteria
– Salmonella, clostridia, staph, E.coli, bacillus, neorickettsia (salmon poisoning)
• Mycotoxins
– Aflatoxins, vomitoxin (common in wheat and barley)
– Grains/by product ingredients <5 ppm and must be less than 40% of total
formulation
• Biogenic amines
– Decomposition compounds (histamine)
– Humans senstitive to 500 ppm. Carnivores up to 2,500 ppm
• Metals
– Contamination, rendering (bone meal)
• Others
– Melamine
Some guidelines – evaluation basics
• High quality proteins as top 2
– Fresh meat should be followed by a
meal from an identified species (Chicken, chicken meal…)
• Know the species
– “chicken” vs. “poultry”
• Fractions are OK
– Watch for splitting, location on list
• Select for a Protein to Fat ratio of 1.5 – 2.0
• Compare products on DM basis (especially
canned/kibble comparisons)
What is splitting
• Venison meal, dried potatoes, potato starch,
potato protein, pea protein, sunflower oil
Understanding the Guaranteed Analysis
Ingredients: Chicken, water, natural flavors, cassia gum, carrageenan
Nutrient
As Fed Basis
Moisture, %
Dry matter, %
Protein, %
Fat, %
Fiber, %
Protein: fat
78.0
8.0 (8/.22) =
5.0
1.0
Dry Matter
22.0
36.4
22.7
4.5
1.6
Understanding the Guaranteed Analysis
Ingredients: chicken, chicken meal, oatmeal, barley, rice, rye flour,
tomatoes, canola oil, carrots, etc…
Nutrient
As Fed Basis Dry Matter
Moisture, %
Dry matter, %
Protein, %
Fat, %
Fiber, %
Ash
Protein: fat
11.0
22.0
12.0
4.0
8.0
8.0
(22/.89)
=
89.0
24.7
13.5
4.5
8.9
1.8