Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Goal 2 Notes: Organic Chemistry Elements 8/23/11 I. Elements A. a pure substance that contains only ONE type of atom •There are 118 known elements •Ex: carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen B. represented by symbols •Hydrogen – H •Carbon – C •Oxygen – O •Nitrogen – N Living Things are made of only certain elements! Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen 65% 18.5% 9.65% 3.3% • This is a chunk of the element carbon. It contains MANY carbon atoms. • This is one atom of the element CARBON. • Carbon atoms always have 6 protons and 6 neutrons. This is one atom of the element Sulfur. Sulfur always has 16 protons and 16 neutrons. This is a lump of the element Sulfur. It contains many sulfur atoms. All of the atoms in this have 16 protons and 16 neutrons. II. Compound A. a substance that is made up of two or more elements –Ex: Water, H2O B. Chemical formula – shorthand method for writing compound – Ex: H2O Subscript next to the letter refers to the number of atoms of that element Picture: NaCl, salt H2SO4 HCl H2O2 NaOH C6H12O6 Goal 3 Notes: Chemicals in Organisms Macromolecules 8/24/11 Periodic Table gets new elements (but no one knows what they do) By Tom Peck Wednesday, 8 June 2011 They have existed for less than a second each, but two new elements have been added to the Periodic Table. Evidence for the existence of the two elements, the heaviest yet to be included, has been mounting for several years. A number of research teams had claimed to have produced the heavy elements by smashing together the nuclei of lighter atoms. But it took a three-year review before they received official status. The teams behind the discoveries will be invited to suggest names for the new elements, and unless particularly outlandish requests are made, they are likely to be accepted. An announcement is expected soon. Scientists have been unable to ascertain much about the properties of the new elements. "The quantities produced were very small and did not exist for very long," said Dr Karol. "Elements need to remain stable for almost a minute before much useful observation can be made of them." Plutonium, with an atomic number of 94, is the heaviest naturally occurring element. All the elements heavier than this, including Einsteinium, Rutherfordium and Californium, have been produced synthetically and decay rather rapidly. III. Macromolecules A. made of thousands of small molecules B. formed by polymerization – large compounds built by joining smaller ones 1. monomer = smaller molecule 2. polymer = larger molecule C. 4 main organic groups 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Nucleic Acids 4. Proteins Saturation: When every Carbon is attached to 2 Hydrogens An unsaturated fat contains Carbons that are attached to only 1 Hydrogen 3. Nucleic acids • Made of H, O, N, C and phosphorus • Polymer of nucleotides – Nucleotide = 1 5-C sugar, P-group, and nitrogenous base Ex: DNA and RNA – Holds genetic info – DNA – deoxyribose – RNA – ribose 4. Proteins (polypeptides) • Made of N, C, H, O • made up of amino acids – compounds with amino group (NH2) and carboxyl group (COOH) • R-Group differs in each amino acid • Connected by peptide bonds a. protein function 1. control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes 2. Form bone and muscle 3. Transport substances in or out of cell through cell membrane b. protein structure – 4 levels • 1st level: sequence of amino acids in chain • 2nd level: amino acids in chain twisted/folded • 3rd level: chain twisted/folded • 4th level: more than one chain together Goal 4 Notes: Chemicals in Organisms Enzyme/Substrate Action 8/25/11 Living Things are made of only certain elements! Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen 65% 18.5% 9.65% 3.3% I. Chemical Reactions A. Process that changes chemicals into new chemicals by breaking bonds and forming new ones B. reactants – starting chemicals C. products – ending, new chemicals Two Types of Chemical Reactions: 1. Anabolic- build up of organic molecules Ex: • • Making proteins within the cell for the body Plants making food using photosynthesis 2. Catabolic- breakdown of organic molecules ex: digestion of food to provide energy/nutrients for body II. Enzymes: Organic Catalyst A. Enzyme – proteins that act as catalysts B. Catalyst- chemical that speeds up a chemical reaction - chemical reactions take place in cells C. Enzyme Action 1. Enzyme-substrate complex •Active site – place where reactant binds •Substrate – chemical that binds to enzyme