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BIOMOLECULES
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• Video
http://youtube.com/watch?v=AfXxZwNLvPA
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Elements & Compounds
electron
• All living things are made from chemical
compounds.
• Those compounds are built using elements
and molecules. 2 or more elements combined
together ( NaCl, H2O, C6H1206 )
– The basic unit of an element is an atom.
• Consists of electrons, protons and neutrons
– Each atom is then combined to form molecules.
– Different combinations form different molecules.
• Take pizza for example: Using different ingredients we
build different types of pizzas. Your basic cheese, then
pepperoni, pepperoni with sausage…and so on.
neutron
proton
EXIT CARD
• What elements and how many of each
are found in the compound
• H2SO4
• What is the difference between an
element and a compound?
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An atom refresher
• An atom has three
parts:
• Proton = positive
• Neutron = no charge
• Electron = negative
• The proton & neutron
are found in the center
of the atom, a place
called the nucleus.
• The electrons orbit the
nucleus.
Created by G.Baker
www.thesciencequeen.net
Picture from
http://education.jlab.org/qa/atom_model_
03.gif
More about Elements..
• Elements are the
building blocks of all
matter.
• The periodic table is a
list of all of the
elements that can
build matter. It’s a
little like the alphabet
of chemistry.
• The periodic table tells
us several things…
Created by G.Baker
www.thesciencequeen.net
Periodic Table
Atomic number
Tells protons and electrons
Symbol of element
Name of element
Atomic mass is
The number of protons and
Neutrons
8
O
Oxygen
16
Finding Neutrons Subtract Mass from Atomic Number
Created by G.Baker
www.thesciencequeen.net
Compounds and Molecules
• Elements combine to form molecules and
compounds that are found in living things
• Electrons are arranged around the nucleus in
shells.
• Valence Electrons (in outermost shell) in atoms
are what allows elements to bond to each other.
• Valence electrons can be transferred or shared
• Valence Electrons can be determined by position
on the periodic table
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Periods
•Each row is called a “period”
•The elements in each period have
the same number of shells
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Groups-valence
electrons
Group 8 = 8 electrons
Except for
Group 1 = 1 electron
He, it has 2
electrons
Group 2 = 2 electrons
•Each column
is called a
“group”
•Each element
in a group has
the same
number of
electrons in
their outer
orbital, also
known as
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“shells”.
Determine the number of shells
and the number of valence
electrons for:
2nd Period = 2 shells
4th Group =
4 valence
electrons
www.chem4kids
Determine the number of shells
and the number of valence
electrons for:
3rd Period = 3 shells
1st Group =
1 valence
electron
www.chem4kids
Write your answers on your
handout.
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?
Write your answers on your
handout.
Name the element.
Number of shells ?
Valence electrons ?
Neon
2nd Period = 2 shells
8th Group = 8 valence
electrons
PERIODIC TABLE REVIEW
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Symbol of element
Name of element
Atomic number
Atomic mass
Number of protons
Number of neutrons
Number of electrons
2. What elements and how many atoms of
each are in
C6H14N2O2
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% Major Elements in the Body
O 65.0 %
C 18.0
H 10.0
N 3.0
Ca 1.4
P 1.0
Mg 0.50
K
S
Na
Cl
Fe
Zn
0.34
0.26
0.14
0.14
0.004
0.003
LecturePLUS Timberlake
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REVIEW
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Ionic vs. covalent Bonding
Elements will either
give away, take,
Or share their valence
electrons in order to form
Compounds and molecules
Ionic Bond – give or take
Electrons
Metal + Nonmetal
Covalent Bond – share
Electrons
Nonmetal + Nonmetal
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IONIC BONDS
Na = Metal (like to give Electrons)
Cl = Nonmetal ( like to take electrons)
Covalent Bonds
• Two nonmetals
• Like to share
EXAMPLE
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CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• When bonds form or bonds break a chemical
reaction occurs
• When sodium (Na) bonds to chlorine (Cl) salt is
produced
2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
• Breaking bonds can release energy in the form of
ATP
C6H12O6 → 6C + 6H20
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REVIEW QUIZ
• Draw a bohr model for the
element
–Ca ( Calcium)
• What are the two ways in which elements can bond
to Form molecules and compounds
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Organic Compounds
• Compounds that contain CARBON are
called organic compounds
• Chemical Formulas tell us what elements
and how many of them are in the
molecule.
• C6H12O6
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Carbon (C)
• Basic unit of most biomolecules
• Carbon can form covalent bonds
with as many as 4 other atoms
(elements). Forming biomolecules
• Usually with C, H, O or N.
• Example:
CH4(methane)
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Biomolecules
• Large organic molecules.
• Also called POLYMERS.
• Made up of smaller “building blocks”
called MONOMERS.
• Examples:
1. Carbohydrates - Sugars
2. Lipids- fatty acid, 3 glycerols
3. Proteins – amino acids
4. Nucleiccopyright
acids
(DNA and RNA)
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Question:
How Are
biomolecules
Formed?
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Answer: Dehydration Synthesis
• Also called “condensation reaction”
• Forms polymers by combining
monomers by “removing water”.
HO
H
HO
H
H2O
HO
H
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Dehydration Synthesis
of a Disaccharide
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Question:
How are
biomolecules
separated or
digested?
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Answer: Hydrolysis
• Separates monomers by “adding
water”
HO
H
H2O
HO
H
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HO
H
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnnfN5BI
X7E&list=PLE7B2BB1EB05699BC
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
• Small sugar molecules to large
sugar molecules.
• Examples:
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide
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FUNCTION
• Short term energy
• Structural components
– Chitin – shells of animals
– Cellulose – stalks of plants
• Cell Recognition
– Sugars on cells can detect invaders
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Examples:
glucose- simple sugar found in
juices (C6H12O6)
Fructose – corn
syrup/cereals
Galactose – sugar found in
dairy products
glucose
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Carbohydrates
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples:
– Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
– Lactose (glucose+galactose)
– Maltose (glucose+glucose)
glucose
glucose
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Carbohydrates
Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes)
glycogen (beef muscle)
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
glucose
glucose
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glucose
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Carbohydrate Shapes
Can be rings or a straight chain
But will always have C, H, O
Review
1. How many sugars are in a monosaccharide?
2. What is one function of a carbohydrate?
3. How are biomolecules broken apart?
Condensation reaction or hydrolysis
4. What does the atomic number on the periodic
table tell you ?
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Lipids
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Lipids
• General term for compounds which are
not soluble in water.
• Remember: “stores the most energy”
• Examples: 1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Oils
4. Waxes
5. Steroid hormones
6. Triglycerides
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Lipids
Six functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss
(insulation)
3. Protection against physical shock
4. Protection against water loss
5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
6. Major component of membranes
(phospholipids)
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Lipids
Triglycerides:
composed of 1 glycerol and 3
fatty acids.
H
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
H-C----O C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
O
fatty acids
H-C----O C-CH -CH -CH -CH
2
2
2
H
glycerol
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Fatty Acids
There are two kinds of fatty acids you may see
these on food labels:
1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds
(bad)
O
saturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds
(good)
O
unsaturated C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
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Shapes of fatty acids
Saturated fats = solid fats butter, lard, animal fat
Unsaturated fats = liquid fats
STEROIDS
• Composed of four
fused carbon rings
• Familiar steroid in
humans is cholesterol
– Help with chemical
processes in the body
(metaboloism), growth,
and sex hormones
(estrogen and
testosterone)
Proteins
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Proteins (Polypeptides)
• Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa)
bonded together by peptide bonds
(polypeptides).
• Six functions of proteins:
1. Storage:
albumin (egg white)
2. Transport:
hemoglobin
3. Regulatory:
hormones
4. Movement:
muscles
5. Structural:
membranes, hair, nails
6. Enzymes:
cellular reactions
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Proteins (Polypeptides)
Four levels of protein structure:
A.Primary Structure
B. Secondary Structure
C. Tertiary Structure
D.Quaternary Structure
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Primary Structure
Amino acids bonded together
by peptide bonds
(POLYPEPTIDE)
Amino Acids (aa)
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
Peptide Bonds
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Amino Acid Structure
Primary = sequence of
aa’s
Secondary = forms
pleated sheet, helix, or
coil
Tertiary = entire length
of aa’s folded into a
shape
Quaternary = several aa
sequences linked
together
ex. Hemoglobin,
enzymes
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Review
1. The monomers of proteins are?
2. What is one function of a lipid?
3. How are biomolecules put together?
Condensation reaction or hydrolysis
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Nucleic
Acids
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http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=MnnfN5BIX7E&list=PLE7
B2BB1EB05699BC
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Nucleic acids
• Two types:
a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNAdouble helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single
strand)
• Nucleic acids are composed of long
chains of nucleotides linked by
dehydration synthesis.
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Nucleic acids
• Nucleotides include:
phosphate group
pentose sugar (5-carbon)
nitrogenous bases:
adenine (A)
thymine (T) DNA only
uracil (U) RNA only
cytosine (C)
guanine (G)
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Nucleotide
Phosphate
Group
O
O=P-O
O
5
CH2
O
N
C1
C4
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
Sugar
(deoxyribose)
C3copyright cmassengale
C2
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Nucleic Acid Structure
• A nitrogenous base
• 1-3 phosphate groups
• Five carbon sugar
FUNCTIONS
• HEREDITARY INFORMATION (DNA/RNA)
• ATP – CHEMICAL ENERGY
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DNA Modeling
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