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+ Biochemical Compounds You are what you eat!! Organic Chemistry ● Frederick Wohler founded organic chemistry in 1828. ● Organic chemistry is one of the fastest growing areas of chemistry. ● Organic chemistry gave the foundation of the petrochemical and pharmaceutical industry. Our Focus ● Our focus will be on the major classes of organic compounds: o Carbohydrates o Lipids o Proteins o Nucleic acids Essential Questions: 1. What are the 4 main types of biological macromolecules and what is their function within cells? 2. How does the structure of each macromolecule contribute to their function within cells? 3. What are the 4 major types of biochemical reactions and why are they important to normal cellular function? Carbon: The Central Atom What’s so special about ? The diversity of life relies on carbon!!! Virtually all chemicals of life are carbon based (exceptions – e.g., H2O, CO2) – called organic compounds. It can form four covalent bonds (H, O, N, P, S, C) C-C bonds enable carbon to form a variety of geometrical structures (e.g., straight chains, branched chains, rings) Methane CH4 + CH2 Ethane C2H6 + C4 Benzene C6H6 Review - Functional Groups ● Functional groups are the reactive portion of an organic molecule and typically make the molecule polar. ● Common functional groups found in biomolecules: o o o o o o Hydroxyl (–OH) Carboxyl (–COOH) Amino (–NH2) Sulfhydryl (–SH) Phosphate (–PO4) Carbonyl Aldehydes (–COH) Ketones (–CO–) Let’s See What you Remember… Circle and name the functional groups in the following organic molecule. Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different What’s so special about ? Isomer – an organic compound with the same molecular formula, but different structure Example: C6H12O6 C C Glucose (simple sugar) Fructose (fruit sugar) Galactose (milk sugar) C C C C C C C Structural isomers Metabolized by cells differently due to structure Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different What’s so special about ? Isomer – an organic compound with the same molecular formula, but different structure Stereoisomers Structural isomers Same atoms, Same bonds, Differently arranged in space Same atoms, bonded differently Geometrical Optical Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different What’s so special about ? Isomer – an organic compound with the same molecular formula, but different structure Stereoisomers Carvone Same atoms, Same bonds, Differently arranged in space Geometrical Optical Macromolecules What is the relationship between atoms, bonding and macromolecules? Atoms join together Bonds that form Molecules that form large structures called Macromolecules Macromolecules and their subunits Monomer + Monomer + Monomer = Polymer = Macromolecule smaller subunits long chain of monomers glycogen glucose Macromolecules and their subunits Carbon Compounds 1 2 Carbohydrates Lipids Which are made of Which are made of Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen main function include Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen main function ENERGY STORAGE ENERGY STORAGE short-term long-term 3 Nucleic acids (e.g., DNA/RNA) Which are made of Nucleotides which contain Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus main function ENCODING HEREDITARY INFORMATION 4 Proteins Which are made of Amino Acids which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, main function CATALYSIS & STRUCTURE /SUPPORT Carbohydrates Main Function: quick and short-term energy storage Carbon (4 cal/g) Compounds Groupings: C, H, and O atoms 1 include 2 Carbohydrates Simple sugars (e.g., glucose) which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen main function short-term 3 Two types: 1. Simple Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Which are made of ENERGY STORAGE (1 : 2 : 1 ratio) Lipids 2. Complex Carbohydrates Which are made of Glycerol & 3 Fatty Acids which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Which are made of Nucleotides which contain Carbon, hydrogen oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus 4 Proteins Which are made of Amino Acids which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, Carbohydrates – Simple (glucose) Carbohydrate molecule with 3-7 carbon atoms is called a monosaccharide. (mono = one, saccharide = sugar) Broken down quickly in the body to release energy. e.g., GLUCOSE – hexose (six-carbon) sugar with 7 energy-storing C-H bonds 6 5 4 1 3 Primary source of energy used by all cells 2 C6H12O6 (ring structure – when dissolved in water) MONOSACCHARIDES QUIZ: Select the formula that represents a monosaccharide C4H8O4 C5H10O10 C6H6O12 C6H6O6 Making & Breaking Carbohydrates monosaccharide + monosaccharide disaccharide (di = two) Condensation (dehydration) synthesis Hydrolysis Two important biochemical reactions Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides) Main Function: quick and short-term energy storage Contain many units of glucose in long chains Examples: Starch, glycogen, cellulose Starch = energy storage in plants Starch Granules (purple) in Potato Cells Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides) Glycogen (polymer) Glucose (monomer) Glycogen = energy storage in animals muscle liver Glycogen (red) in Hepatocytes (liver cells) Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides) Cellulose fibers Cellulose = polysaccharide found in plant cell walls Macrofibril Microfibril Chains of cellulose Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides) What is the difference between starch and cellulose? Starch Cellulose Starch Glucose repeat units are facing the same direction Enzymes to digest Soluble Weaker Cellulose Both polymers Same monomer (glucose) Each successive glucose unit is upside-down in relation to each of the glucose molecules that it is connected to Cannot digest (no enzymes) Same repeat base Insoluble (fiber / roughage) Stronger (good for building) Things to Think About ● Photosynthesis produces glucose in the plant cell ● Concentration of glucose increases, osmotic pressure increases, cell risks explosion ● Cell converts unused glucose to amylose (α helix) and amylopectin (branched α helix) collectively called starch (stored for later use) ● Starch is insoluble and reduces osmotic pressure ● Animals store glucose as glycogen (stored for later use) ● Plants use β glucose to produce cellulose (insoluble building material for the plant)