Download ppt

+
Biochemical Compounds
You are what you eat!!
Organic Chemistry
● Frederick Wohler founded
organic chemistry in 1828.
● Organic chemistry is one of the
fastest growing areas of
chemistry.
● Organic chemistry gave the
foundation of the petrochemical
and pharmaceutical industry.
Our Focus
●
Our focus will be on the major classes of
organic compounds:
o
Carbohydrates
o
Lipids
o
Proteins
o
Nucleic acids
Essential Questions:
1.
What are the 4 main types of biological
macromolecules and what is their
function within cells?
2.
How does the structure of each
macromolecule contribute to their
function within cells?
3.
What are the 4 major types of
biochemical reactions and why are they
important to normal cellular function?
Carbon: The Central Atom
What’s so special about
?
The diversity of life relies on carbon!!!
 Virtually all chemicals of life are carbon based
(exceptions – e.g., H2O, CO2) – called organic compounds.
 It can form four covalent bonds (H, O, N, P, S, C)
 C-C bonds enable carbon to form a variety of
geometrical structures (e.g., straight chains, branched
chains, rings)
Methane
CH4
+ CH2
Ethane
C2H6
+ C4
Benzene
C6H6
Review - Functional Groups
● Functional groups are the reactive portion of an organic
molecule and typically make the molecule polar.
● Common functional groups found in biomolecules:
o
o
o
o
o
o
Hydroxyl (–OH)
Carboxyl (–COOH)
Amino (–NH2)
Sulfhydryl (–SH)
Phosphate (–PO4)
Carbonyl
 Aldehydes (–COH)
 Ketones (–CO–)
Let’s See What you Remember…

Circle and name the functional groups in the following organic
molecule.
Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different
What’s so special about
?
Isomer – an organic compound with the same
molecular formula, but different structure
Example:
C6H12O6
C
C
Glucose
(simple sugar)
Fructose
(fruit sugar)
Galactose
(milk sugar)
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Structural isomers
Metabolized by cells differently due to structure
Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different
What’s so special about
?
Isomer – an organic compound with the same
molecular formula, but different structure
Stereoisomers
Structural isomers
Same atoms,
Same bonds,
Differently arranged in space
Same atoms,
bonded differently
Geometrical
Optical
Molecular Isomers: The same, yet different
What’s so special about
?
Isomer – an organic compound with the same
molecular formula, but different structure
Stereoisomers
Carvone
Same atoms,
Same bonds,
Differently arranged in space
Geometrical
Optical
Macromolecules
What is the relationship between atoms, bonding and
macromolecules?
Atoms
join together
Bonds
that form
Molecules
that form large structures called
Macromolecules
Macromolecules and their subunits
Monomer + Monomer + Monomer = Polymer = Macromolecule
smaller subunits
long chain
of monomers
glycogen
glucose
Macromolecules and their subunits
Carbon
Compounds
1
2
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Which are made of
Which are made of
Simple sugars
(e.g., glucose)
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
main function
include
Glycerol &
3 Fatty Acids
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
main function
ENERGY
STORAGE
ENERGY
STORAGE
short-term
long-term
3
Nucleic acids
(e.g., DNA/RNA)
Which are made of
Nucleotides
which contain
Carbon, hydrogen
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
main function
ENCODING
HEREDITARY
INFORMATION
4
Proteins
Which are made of
Amino Acids
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen,
main function
CATALYSIS
&
STRUCTURE
/SUPPORT
Carbohydrates
 Main Function:
quick and short-term energy storage
Carbon
(4 cal/g)
Compounds
 Groupings: C, H, and O atoms
1
include
2
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars
(e.g., glucose)
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
main function
short-term
3
 Two types: 1. Simple Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Which are made of
ENERGY
STORAGE
(1 : 2 : 1 ratio)
Lipids
2. Complex Carbohydrates
Which are made of
Glycerol &
3 Fatty Acids
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Which are made of
Nucleotides
which contain
Carbon, hydrogen
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
4
Proteins
Which are made of
Amino Acids
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen,
Carbohydrates – Simple (glucose)
 Carbohydrate molecule with 3-7 carbon atoms is called a
monosaccharide. (mono = one, saccharide = sugar)
 Broken down quickly in the body to release energy.
e.g., GLUCOSE – hexose (six-carbon) sugar with 7
energy-storing C-H bonds
6
5
4
1
3
Primary source of energy
used by all cells
2
C6H12O6
(ring structure – when dissolved in water)
MONOSACCHARIDES
QUIZ: Select the formula that represents a monosaccharide
C4H8O4
C5H10O10
C6H6O12
C6H6O6
Making & Breaking Carbohydrates
monosaccharide + monosaccharide
disaccharide (di = two)
Condensation (dehydration) synthesis
Hydrolysis
Two important
biochemical reactions
Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides)
 Main Function: quick and short-term energy storage
 Contain many units of glucose in long chains
 Examples: Starch, glycogen, cellulose
Starch = energy storage in
plants
Starch Granules (purple) in Potato Cells
Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides)
Glycogen (polymer)
Glucose (monomer)
Glycogen = energy storage
in animals
muscle
liver
Glycogen (red) in Hepatocytes (liver cells)
Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides)
Cellulose fibers
Cellulose = polysaccharide
found in plant
cell walls
Macrofibril
Microfibril
Chains of
cellulose
Carbohydrates – Complex (Polysaccharides)
What is the difference between starch and cellulose?
Starch
Cellulose
Starch
Glucose repeat
units are facing
the same
direction
Enzymes to digest
Soluble
Weaker
Cellulose
Both polymers
Same monomer
(glucose)
Each successive
glucose unit is
upside-down in
relation to each of
the glucose
molecules that it
is connected to
Cannot digest (no enzymes)
Same repeat base
Insoluble (fiber / roughage)
Stronger (good for building)
Things to Think About
●
Photosynthesis produces glucose in the plant cell
●
Concentration of glucose increases, osmotic pressure increases, cell risks explosion
●
Cell converts unused glucose to amylose (α helix) and amylopectin (branched α
helix) collectively called starch (stored for later use)
●
Starch is insoluble and reduces osmotic pressure
●
Animals store glucose as glycogen (stored for later use)
●
Plants use β glucose to produce cellulose (insoluble building material for the plant)