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I. Atoms A. • • • • • B. C. D. Subatomic Particles Protons (+) in nucleus Neutrons (0) in nucleus Electrons (-) in orbitals energy levels 1st- 2electrons 2nd- 8 electrons 3rd orbital 8 or 18 electrons Atomic number – number of protons Atomic mass – protons & neutrons Isotopes – same element w/ different number of neutrons E. Chemical properties – reactivity, F. Physical properties – descriptive solid shape color G. Elements 1. C H O N Na Cl S Mg K Ca Fe P 2. Periodic table • 6 – atomic number = # of protons • C – element symbol • 12 – atomic mass = # of protons + # of neutrons II.Chemical Compounds – 2 or more elements combined A. Molecules “compounds” • H20, O2, NaCl “salt”, CO2, C6H12O6- monosaccharide (glucose) • HCl – “hydrochloric acid • C12H22O11 – disaccharide (sucrose) B. Ionic Bonds – elements lose or gain electrons, become ions C. Covalent Bonds – shared electrons III. Water – most common solvent A. Solubility – how well something dissolves, like dissolves like B. Solvent dissolves solute C. Cohesion-tension – water attracted to water • Capillary action – surface tension, attraction tension H2O to H2O D. Specific heat – water has a high specific heat, it takes a lot of energy to change water’s temp. IV. pH – relative concentration of H+ and OH- A. Acids – pH 1-6, more H+ ions, hydrogen ions, sour taste, urine 5.5, sweat 5.5, pop 3.5, gastric juice 2.0 B. Bases – “alkaline” pH 8-14, more OHions, hydroxide ions, bitter taste, bile 8, ammonia 11.5, bleach 12.5, pancreatic juice 8 C. Neutral – pH 7, H+ = OH-, water, blood, saliva D. Buffers – baking soda NaOH, neutralize excess acid to create pH 7 I. Molecules of living things A. Organic chemistry – contain carbon B. Chemical groups pg 38 • Hydroxyl – OH • Carboxyl – COOH, in lipids & proteins • Amino – NH3, NH2, in proteins • Phosphates – PO4, In nucleic acids, DNA, RNA II. Macromolecules A. Polymer – repeating monomers “chains” B. Biological polymers 1. Condensation reactions Dehydration synthesis, anabolic = smaller larger C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O 2. Hydrolysis – catabolic = larger smaller, digestion breaking down C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 III. Carbohydrates – sugars and starches used for energy, 4 calories / gram, contain C, H, O, 2H: 1 oxygen A. Monosaccharides – single sugars (C6H12O6) • Glucose • Fructose – fruit sugar • Galactose Isomers – same formula different arrangement B. Disaccharides – double sugar (C12H22O11) • • • Sucrose – “table” fructose + glucose Lactose – “milk” glucose + galactose Maltose – “malt” glucose + glucose C.Polysaccharides – “many sugars” 1. Starch – breads, potatoes, grains 2. Glycogen – stored glucose in muscles and liver 3. Cellulose – cell walls “wood” IV. Proteins – C H O N & sometimes S, used for growth maintenance and repair (4 calories / gram) A. Amino acids – (20) base unit of proteins, examples: lysine, argenine, tyrosine B. Peptide bonds • Polypeptides – 3 or more amino acids form proteins: albumin, keratin, collagen, enzymes, skin, hair, muscles, organs C. Prosthetic groups – another element will replace H, hemoglobin, H-C-C-C-C-Fe V. Lipids – C H O (9 calories / gram) fats ,waxes, oils used for energy storage, insulation, padding A. Fatty acids – base unit of lipids (linoleic acid) Unsaturated – liquid – plants, double bonds, HDL’s Saturated – solid – animals, single bonds, LDL’s B. Triglycerides & neutral lipids – 3 fatty acids & glycerol, “adipose” fat C. Phospholipids – cell membranes D. Sterols – fats in a ring, cholesterol, testosterone E. Waxes – fatty acids & alcohol, resistant to water VI. Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, and P A. DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic code of life B. RNA – ribonucleic acid, codes for proteins C. Nucleotides & ribose & phosphates • Guanine • Adenine • Thymine • Cytosine • Uracil I. Energy A. Potential – stored Chemical – stored in chemical bonds B. Kinetic – energy of motion, break bonds II. Energy in chemical reactions A. Reactants and products (left of equation and right of Equation will equal each otherbalanced equations Conservation of matter and energy B. Chemical balance of energy 1. ATP – adenosine triphosphate, AP~P~P contains high energy bonds 2. ADP – adenosine diphosphate, AP~P 3. ATP/ADP cycle –