Download Unit 1 – Chemistry NOTES

Chemistry in Biology
15 Clicker
Questions!
A VERY Brief Overview
of Chemistry
Chapter 6.2 – 6.4
Words in Bold Pink
Those are your vocabulary words…
Please high-light them!!!
Element
Element: Substance consisting
entirely of one type of atom.
Examples: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
Subscript
A
subscript is a small lowered
number after a symbol for an element.
 H2O–
 The
the 2 is lowered and considered
a subscript.
2 indicates how many atoms of
the element are present in that
compound.
Chemical Compounds
 Compound:
A substance formed
by the chemical combination of 2
or more elements in definite
proportions.
 Examples:
H2O (water)
NaCl (Salt)
C6 H12 O6 (Sugar)
Chemical Formula

States how many atoms are in each molecule.
Click for answers

How many carbon atoms are in C6 H12 O6?

How many hydrogen atoms?

How many oxygen atoms?
6
12
6
Chemical Equations

Let’s say I give you a chemical equation like—
REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
CO2 + H2O -------- C6 H12 O6 + O2
Carbon
dioxide

Water
Oxygen
Sugar/glucose
What are the names of these compounds?
Click for answers

Could you tell me which side are the reactants
Click for answers
and which side are the products?
Elements in the Human Body






Most abundant
element in
Click for animation
Oxygen – 65%
our body
Carbon – 18.5%
Hydrogen – 9.5%
Nitrogen – 3.3%
All of these equal 96.3%. The other 4% are
trace elements: Calcium (1.5), Phosphorous
(1.0), Potassium (0.4), & others.
Water
Most abundant compound in our body
Clicker Question #1
Which of the following is an element?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Oxygen
Water
Clicker Question #2
How many atoms are in: NH3
a.
b.
c.
d.
1
2
3
4
Clicker Question #3
Which of the following are the
reactants?
CH4 + 2 O2
a.
b.
c.
d.
CH4 + 2 O2
CO2 + 2 H2O
CH4 + 2 H2O
None of the above
CO2 + 2 H2O
Solvent-Solute

Water is the greatest solvent in the world!

Solvent means to dissolve, or a dissolving
agent. WATER is a SOLVENT!

Solute is what is to be dissolved. Sugar and
salt are solutes and they dissolve in water.
pH
 pH: The measure of concentration of H+ in a
solution.

Acid: Substance that release hydrogen ions
(H+) when dissolved in water.

Base: Substance that releases hydroxide
ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.
pH Scale

The pH scale measures how
acidic or basic a substance is.

It ranges from 0 to 14

A pH of 7 is neutral

A pH less than 7 is acidic

A pH greater than 7 is basic
Acids
 Acids
taste sour
 Strong
Acids are dangerous and can
burn your skin
 Examples
are: Vinegar, stomach
acid, and citrus fruits
Bases

Solutions containing bases are often called
alkaline.

Bases taste bitter

Bases feel slippery

Strong bases are very dangerous and can burn
your skin

Examples: Lye and ammonia
Increasingly Basic
Oven cleaner
Neutral
14 = Basic
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
Increasingly Acidic
pH Scale
Pure water
Milk
Normal
rainfall
7 = Neutral
Acid rain
Tomato juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
0 = Acidic
pH Question

An ecologist is testing rainwater. She
tests rainwater on the south side of town
and finds that the pH is 6.2. Then she
tests the north side of town and finds that
the pH is 6.8. Which is more acidic?
Click for answer
6.2 is correct!
Buffers

Buffers are weak acids or bases that can react
with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp,
sudden changes in pH.
(Don’t need to write this)

For example, your stomach is upset, so you
drink alka seltzer or eat a Rolaids. These are
buffers or a mild base to offset the higher
stomach acid.
Clicker Question #4
Which of the following is a solute?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Water
Sugar
Vinegar
Carbon dioxide
Clicker Question #5
Which of the following has the
most basic pH?
a. 7
b. 7.1
c. 7.5
d. 8
Clicker Question #6
3.1 pH is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Acidic
Basic
Neutral
None of the above
Clicker Question #7
Gastric protease works best in which
type of pH?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Neutral
Basic
Acidic
All of the above
Clicker Question #8
Which of the following is a solvent?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Water
Sugar
Vinegar
Carbon dioxide
Organic Molecules
 There
are 4 organic molecules
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic
Acids
* These are also called macromolecules
YES,
draw this!
Macromolecule Concept Map
Carbon
Compounds
includes
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Macro means LARGE
Carbohydrates

Carbohydrate: Organic compound
containing Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen
with a ratio of 1:2:1

Carbohydrates are basically sugars and starches.
***Most of an organisms’ energy come
from carbohydrates!***
Carbohydrates Continued
 Monosaccharides are simple sugar molecules.
Examples: This is glucose, galactose, sucrose and fructose (sugars).
Glucose is C6 H12O6
1:2:1

Many monosaccharides together make up
polysaccharides. This is the excess sugar that we store
as glycogen that can turn into fat
Write these Video Questions & answer
them while you watch the video clip.
1. Sugars belong to a class of chemicals called ___.
2. What is glucose made-up of?
3. What is a good example of a very long polymer of
glucose called ___.
4. Starches are nothing more than very long chains of
____.
Carbohydrate Video Clip
Video
Macromolecule Concept Map
Lets fill in
the chart!
Carbon
Compounds
includes
Carbohydrates
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars &
Starches
Major source of
energy for the body
Macro means LARGE
Lipids

This is FAT.

Lipids: these are used
to store energy.

They are found in cell
membranes.

Fats, oils, & waxes

Also water proofs
Video
Macromolecule Concept Map
Lets fill in
the chart!
Carbon
Compounds
includes
Carbohydrates
that consist of
Lipids
that consist of
Sugars &
Starches
Fats &
Oils
Major source of
energy for the body
Stores energy
& water proofs
that consist of
that consist of
Macro means LARGE
Nucleic Acids

Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, & Phosphorus
 Nucleic
acids store and transmit hereditary
or genetic information.
Nucleic Acids Continued

Nucleotides consist of a 5 carbon sugar,
a phosphate group and a nitrogen base.

2 types: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
& Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Video Questions:
1. Nucleic acids are made up of long
chains of subunits called ____.
2. Chromosomes contain huge molecules
called deoxyribonucleic acid also known
as ___.
Nucleic Acids Video Clip
Video
Macromolecule Concept Map
Lets fill in
the chart!
Carbon
Compounds
includes
Carbohydrates
that consist of
Lipids
that consist of
Nucleic
Acids
that consist of
Sugars &
Starches
Fats &
Oils
Nucleotides
Major source of
energy for the body
Stores energy
& water proofs
Stores &
Transmits
Genetic Info
that consist of
Macro means LARGE
Clicker Question #9
Which of the following is NOT a
macromolecule?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Salt
Nucleic acid
Clicker Question #10
Which of the following foods is NOT
an example of a carbohydrate?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Sugar
Potatoes
Bread
Meat
Clicker Question #11
Genetic material is made with this
macromolecule:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Nucleic acid
Lipid
Protein
Carbohydrate
Clicker Question #12
Which of the following is NOT a sugar?
a. Glucose
b. Sucrose
c. Lactose
d. Pepsin
Proteins
 Proteins are composed of smaller units called
amino acids.
 Amino Acids: Are small compounds that are
made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen.
Proteins
 Activation
Energy: The minimum
amount of energy needed for reactants to
form products in a chemical reactions.
Proteins
A catalyst, as well as an enzyme, is a
substance that lowers the activation
energy needed to start a chemical reactio
* Catalysts speeds up chemical
reactions thousands of
times faster.
Proteins
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up
the rate of chemical reactions.
* Enzymes are made of proteins.
Example: Amylase found in saliva.
Amylase speeds up the breakdown of amylose, a
substance in starch (in foods).
* Most enzymes are specific to 1 reaction
Proteins:
How enzymes work
Substrate: The reactants that bind to the enzyme.
Active Site: The specific location where a
substance binds to an enzyme.
* The active site and the substrate have
complementary shapes (“Lock & Key”)
Click on picture to see an animation!
Proteins:
How enzymes work
•
Only substrates with the same size and shape
as the active site will bind to the enzyme (like
puzzle pieces).
•
pH and temperature mainly affect enzyme
activity.
Click on picture
for link
Enzymes

Denature – to change the shape of an enzyme
so that it no longer works, usually due to a
sudden change in pH or temperature
Pepsin:
An Enzyme
 Pepsin is an enzyme in the
stomach that begins the digestion
of proteins by splitting them into
smaller pieces.

Pepsin works at a pH level of around 2 which is
acidic

Antacids are used to neutralize pepsin by
increasing the pH level to around 6 or 7
Macromolecule Concept Map
Lets fill in
the chart!
Carbon
Compounds
includes
Carbohydrates
that consist of
Sugars &
Starches
Major source of
energy for the body
Lipids
that consist of
Nucleic
Acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
Fats &
Oils
Nucleotides
Amino
Acids
Stores energy
& water proofs
Stores &
Transmits
Genetic Info
Growth/
repair
& make up
enzymes
What does Macro Mean?
Clicker Question #13
Enzymes are which type of
macromolecule?
a. Lipids
b. Carbohydrate
c. Proteins
d. Nucleic Acids
Clicker Question #14
What do enzymes do during a reaction?
a. Nothing
b. Slows it down
c. Speeds it up
d. Burns it up
Clicker Question #15
What two conditions change how
enzymes work?
a. Water & temperature
b. Temperature & pH
c. Solid & gas
d. None of the above
The End
Clicker Question Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
C
D
B
B
D
A
C
A
C
D
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
A
D
C
C
B