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Red Blood Cells Formation and structure Regulation of RBC Production Decrease in oxygen in blood Hemorrhage Excessive RBC destruction Decreased oxygen availability • Hypoxia Higher altitudes decreased oxygen availability Platelets Also called thrombocytes. Smallest of formed elements. Important in blood clotting: Constitute most of the mass of the clot. Release serotonin to reduce blood flow to area and ADP to cause pseudopodia to grow. Secrete growth factors Maintain the integrity of blood vessel wall. RED BLOOD CELL ABNORMALITIES Anemia Polycythemia Sickle Cell Anemia Anemia General definition – reduced O2 carrying capacity Causes: • Low number of erythrocytes • Hemorrhage – blood loss • Hemolytic – ruptured RBC’s • Aplastic – inability of bone marrow to synthesize RBC Decreased hemoglobin • Iron-deficiency • Athletes anemia – expanded blood volume • Pernicious anemia – B12 deficiency or lack factor for B12 absorption Polycythemia Over production of RBCs Hematocrit = 80% (normal = 45%) Cause: bone marrow cancer Symptoms: headache, dizziness, blood clots Secondary causes Adaptation to high altitude Blood doping Supplemental Erythropoeitin Sickle Cell Anemia Shape of erythrocyte is altered 1 amino acid (out of 267) is different in hemoglobin Blood cells have a crescent shape Decreased organ blood flow White blood cells (Leukocytes) How do they differ from erythrocytes? 1. Contain nuclei and other cell organelles 2. Almost invisible under a microscope 3. Lifespan: 12 hours300 days Types of Leukocytes: • Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils Bacterial or viral infection: increased WBC production WBC disorders Leukopenia – low WBC count (nutrition/ radiation) Leukemia – cancer of WBC Large number of immature, non-functioning WBCs • Anemia • Hemorrhage • Massive infections Blood types RBC plasma membranes have specific antigens which are unique • A,B,AB (universal recipient), O (universal donor) • Rh negative or Rh positive (85% of population) Red Blood Cell Antigens ABO system: Major group of antigens of RBCs. Type A: • Only A antigens present. Type B: • Only B antigens present. Type AB: • Both A and B antigens present. Type O: • Neither A or B antigens present. RBC Antigens Type B: Type AB: May have inherited B gene from each parent. May have inherited B gene from 1 parent and O gene from the other parent. Inherited the A gene from one parent and the B gene from the other parent. Type O: Inherited O gene from each parent. Transfusion Reactions If blood types do not match, the recipient’s antibodies attach to donor’s RBCs and agglutinate. Type O: Universal donor. Recipient’s antibodies cannot agglutinate the donor’s RBCs. Type AB universal recipient: Lack the anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Cannot agglutinate donor’s RBCs. Rh Factor Another group of antigens found on RBCs. Rh positive: Rh negative: Have these antigens. Do not have these antigens. Significant when Rh negative mother give birth to Rh positive baby. At birth, mother may become exposed to Rh positive blood of fetus. Mother at subsequent pregnancies may produce antibodies against the Rh factor. Fig. 4.12 Reading thus far: Pages 366-375: Circulatory system, WBC, RBC, hematopoiesis, hemostasis, blood types Pages 378-383: Heart anatomy, structure, cardiac circulation Page 354: Cardiac muscle fibers