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Biochemistry Chapter 3 Inorganic molecules: Are not made of both C AND H Organic Molecules: Contain C AND H; may have other elements - hydrocarbons: organic molecules that have ONLY C and H Compounds of the Cell: Water Lipids Minerals Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Minerals Important minerals: Iron Phosphorous Calcium Iodine Sodium Chlorine Potassium Minerals Function: - help maintain fluid balance; - act as a pH buffer - aid in structure of cells (body) - allow nervous system to work The 4 major compounds in the cell are all types of Macromolecules Macro = BIG First we build a smallish organic molecule. Then we link many of those together building a chain Single units are called monomers Chain of units is called polymer Single units are called monomers Chain of units is called polymer Carbon: The Atom eee- 6 p+ 6 n0 e- e- e- • How many electrons does carbon want in its outer orbital? 8 • How many bonds can carbon make? 4 Carbon: The Element Diamond Graphite Carbon Compounds •Why is carbon the chemical backbone for life? Why not oxygen or hydrogen? 1. Carbon atoms can form not 1, not 2, not 3, but four covalent bonds. 2. Carbon atoms have a great bond with other tendency to _____________ carbon atoms ____________. 3. Carbon atoms can bond in multiple ways to produce a variety of molecular shapes. ________________________ Other Biochem basics • Since Biochemistry uses so many C’s and H’s, we can simplify our structures by “hiding” some of them Other Biochem basics • There is a Carbon atom at each corner or point • DON’T FORGET ABOUT THIS!! • It is also assumed that, if no atom is shown, Carbon’s remaining bonds are filled up with H The many shapes of carbon • Draw a molecule with carbon and hydrogen atoms that would look like a: –Straight chain –Branched chain –Ring Carbon Straight Chain Carbon Branched Chain Carbon Ring Functional groups atoms within a carbon groups of ______ molecule that has characteristic properties. hydrogen on the • They replace the _________ carbon backbone. properties of • They influence the _________ the molecule. complexity and • They add more ___________ diversity to organic compounds. Functional Groups Hydroxyl Amino Carboxyl Phosphate Biological Macromolecules 4 Major Classes of organic compounds: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Nucleic Acids 4. Proteins Building macromolecules • Monomer: small, simple molecular unit _________________. • Polymer: molecule that is made monomers from many joined ___________. Large polymers are called • _______ macromolecules. • Monomers are linked together through a chemical reaction called dehydration synthesis Dehydration Synthesis • One monomer loses a hydrogen. Another monomer loses a hydroxyl (OH) group. This makes water! • Then the monomers form a new bond between the two atoms that just lost a bond. • New monomers are added to the growing polymer. Dehydration synthesis: - Step 1: begin with at least two unlinked monomers HO OH + HO OH Dehydration synthesis: - Step 2: Remove an H from monomer 1 and an OH from monomer 2 - The H and OH combine to form water HO OH + HO HOH = H2O OH Dehydration synthesis: - Step 3: connect what is left of the monomers HO HO + O O OH OH + H2O Dehydration synthesis: Final products: 1 Growing chain - (beginnings of a polymer) 1 Water molecule HO O OH + H2O Example of Dehydration Synthesis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU H2O Hydrolysis: Chemical reaction that uses water to separate polymers into monomers. (Break apart) - Exactly the opposite of Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis • A water molecule is split into the H+ and OH- ions. • A bond of the polymer is broken when these ions attach. • This process breaks down polymers into monomers. • *Word Hint* • “hydro-” means _______________. • “-lysis” means Hydrolysis: - Step 1: Start with polymer and 1 water molecule HO O OH + H2O Hydrolysis: - Step 2: Break water into 1 H and 1 OH - Add the H to one monomer and the OH to the other; HO O H HO OH Hydrolysis: - Step 3: Split the bond between monomers HO OH HO OH Hydrolysis: - Final Product: Two unlinked monomers HO OH HO OH Examples