Download eoc over view for areas of weak performance

EOC OVER VIEW FOR AREAS OF
WEAK PERFORMANCE
MAJOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN
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1. Meninges- To protect the
central nervous system.
2. Medulla Oblongata- controls
autonomic functions such as
breathing, digestion, heart and
blood vessel function,
swallowing and sneezing.
3. Pons- communications and
coordination center between
the two hemispheres of the
brain.
MAJOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN
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4. Hypothalamus- Connections with structures of
the endocrine and nervous systems enable the
hypothalamus to play a vital role in maintaining
homeostasis.
5.Thalamus- It is involved in sensory perception and
regulation of motor functions.
6.Cerebellum- controls motor movement
coordination, balance, equilibrium and muscle
tone.
MAJOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN
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7. Midbrain- visual and auditory systems as well as
eye movement.
8. Cerebrum• Determining Intelligence
• Determining Personality
• Thinking
• Perceiving
• Producing and Understanding Language
• Interpretation of Sensory Impulses
• Motor Function
• Planning and Organization
• Touch Sensation
Blood Flow
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• BLOOD FLOW- The normal flow (movement) of
blood through the cardiovascular system
– Atherosclerosis: Condition in which fatty material
such as cholesterol accumulates on artery walls
forming plaque that obstructs blood flow.
– Sickle Cell Anemia
• Blood Pressure- The blood pressure is the
pressure of the blood within the arteries. It is
produced primarily by the contraction of the
heart muscle.
Blood Pressure
• Causes for High Blood Pressure
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Smoking
Being overweight or obese
Lack of physical activity
Too much salt in the diet
Too much alcohol consumption (more than 1 to 2 drinks per day)
Stress
Older age
Genetics
Family history of high blood pressure
Chronic kidney disease
Adrenal and thyroid disorders
Blood Pressure
• RESISTANCE - Vascular resistance is a term used
by professionals to define the resistance to flow
that must be overcome to push blood through
the circulatory system.
– CAUSES:
• a. increased blood vessel length
b. decreased blood viscosity (For liquids, it corresponds to
the informal notion of "thickness“).
c. vasodilatation (Widening of blood vessels that results
from relaxation of the muscular walls of the vessels.)
d. increased blood pressure
Blood Pressure
• Disease – specific disorder that affects the
cardiovascular system.
– Heart Attack
– Stroke
– High Blood Pressure
– Congestive Heart Failure
– Arterial Fibrillation
– Varicose Veins
– Spider Veins
Heredity and Reproduction
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• Heredity/Inheritance- the transmission of genetic
characters from parents to offspring.
– Dominant trait - the one of a pair of alternative alleles
that masks the effect of the other when both are
present in the same cell or organism. (HH, Hh)
– Recessive trait - a trait that is expressed only when
the determining allele is present in the homozygous
condition. (hh)
Heredity and Reproduction
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• Codominant - with equal genetic effect:
describes genes that each have equal effect in
making the character they control appear in
offspring.
Heredity and Reproduction
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• Incomplete Dominance - is a form of
intermediate inheritance in which one allele
for a specific trait is not completely dominant
over the other allele.
Heredity and Reproduction
SC.912.L.16.2
• Sex Linked - Carried by a sex chromosome,
especially an X-chromosome
Heredity and Reproduction
SC.912.L.16.2
• Polygenic - pertaining to or determined by
several different genes.
Heredity and Reproduction
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• Multiple Alleles - Three or more alleles for a
particular gene.
Heredity and Reproduction
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• DNA - DNA, or
deoxyribonucleic acid, is
the hereditary material
in humans and almost
all other organisms.
– Replication – to make a
copy of itself
Heredity and Reproduction
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• DNA Transcription - is the process of copying
a DNA template onto a messenger RNA.
Heredity and Reproduction
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• DNA Translation - the
process that
"translates"
information contained
in the nucleic acids
(DNA and RNA) to
facilitate polypeptide
or protein synthesis.
Heredity and Reproduction
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• DNA – the universal genetic
code, WHY?
• The sequence of nucleotides
in DNA or RNA that
determines the specific
amino acid sequence in the
synthesis of proteins. It is
the biochemical basis of
heredity and nearly universal
in all organisms.
Heredity and Reproduction
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• DNA – adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine
– Base Pairing Rule
Heredity and Reproduction
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• Biotechnology - technology based on biology biotechnology harnesses cellular and
biomolecular processes to develop
technologies and products that help improve
our lives and the health of our planet.
Heredity and Reproduction
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• Biotechnology and the individual –
– The impact (pro): genetic testing for heritable diseases,
vitamin enriched foods, better insulin
– The impact (con): embryo transplantation, embryo
research(ethical issue).
• Biotechnology and society– The impact (pro): smallpox virus, cholera, bacteria, famine,
food sustainability, to detect, and in some cases treat, diseases
such as sickle-cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, diabetes, and
cystic fibrosis. Genetic testing to track down criminals, genetic
screening for factory workers in risk industries.
– The impact (con)
• biological warfare, GMO’s using recombinant DNA and the
risk to the environment (affect on all trophic levels),
allergies to GMO’s, super bugs (MRSA), antibiotic resistance
Interdependence
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• Interdependence- dependence of every form of life
on other living things and on the natural resources in
its environment, such as air, soil, and water.
• Biodiversity- diversity among and within plant and
animal species in an environment.
Interdependence
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• CATASTROPHIC EVENTS
TSUNAMI
Interdependence
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• Human Activity: Pollution, Urbanization, Acid
Rain, Agriculture Runoff, Deforestation, etc.
• HOW DO THEY AFFECT BIODIVERSITY?
POLLUTION
AT WHAT COST?
AGRICULTURE
RUNOFF
Acid Rain -the atmosphere containing higher
than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids
•Surface waters (lakes
and streams) and
aquatic animals
•Forests
•Automotive coatings
•Materials
•Visibility
•Human health
Global Warming-continuing rise in the average
temperature of Earth's climate system
Greenhouse effect- A phenomenon whereby the earth's
atmosphere traps solar radiation, caused by the presence in
the atmosphere of gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor,
and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through but
absorb heat radiated back from the earth's surface.
INVASIVE AND NON-NATIVE SPECIES
MATTER AND ENERGY TRANSFER
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• Enzyme- Enzymes are biological catalysts or
assistants. Enzymes consist of various types of
proteins that work to drive the chemical
reaction required for a specific action or
nutrient. Enzymes can either launch a reaction
or speed it up.
• Activation Energy- The least amount of energy
needed for a chemical reaction to take place.
MATTER AND ENERGY TRANSFER
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MATTER AND ENERGY TRANSFER
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• Factors that affect enzyme
activity:
• PH - Changes in pH may not
only affect the shape of an
enzyme but it may also
change the shape or charge
properties of the substrate so
that either the substrate
cannot bind to the active site
or it cannot undergo catalysis.
MATTER AND ENERGY TRANSFER
SC.912.L.18.11
• Factors that affect enzyme
activity:
• Temperature: At very high
temperatures enzymes can
"denature," which means the heat
causes them to lose their original
shape necessary for them to react.
Therefore, if temperatures are too
high, a decrease in reaction rate
occurs as a result of the enzymes
denaturing.
MATTER AND ENERGY TRANSFER
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• PROPERTIES OF WATER
1. Water’s unique properties allow life to exist on
Earth.
2. Water is a POLAR molecule.
 POLAR molecules have slightly CHARGED regions.
 Nonpolar molecules do not have charged regions.
3. Hydrogen Bonds form between
slightly positive hydrogen atoms
and slightly negative atoms.
4. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for several important
properties of water:
 High Specific Heat – hydrogen bonds require a high degree of
heat before they break, minimizing temperature changes.
 Cohesion – hydrogen bonds hold molecules of water together.
 Adhesion – hydrogen bonds allow water molecules to “stick” to
other molecules.
 Ice Formation – water molecules in an ice crystal are spaced
relatively far apart because of hydrogen bonding.
This explains why water expands as it freezes and why ice is
less dense than liquid water.
5. Many compounds dissolve in water. A solution is formed when
one substance dissolves in another.
 A solution is a homogeneous mixture (the same throughout).
 Solvents (such as WATER) dissolve other substances.
 Solutes (such as salt or sugar) dissolve in a solvent.
solution
6. “Like dissolves like.”
 Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes.
 Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes.
 Polar substances and nonpolar substances generally remain
separate. Example: water and oil
The pH scale
1. pH is a measure of the hydrogen ions (H+) in water.
2. An acid releases a hydrogen ion when it dissolves in water.
Acids have a high H+ concentration and a pH less than 7.
3. A base removes hydrogen ions from a solution.
Bases have a low H+ concentration and a pH greater than 7.
4. A neutral solution has a pH of 7.