Download Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis Notes

* All living things need energy to carry out their life
activities.
* Carbohydrates are the foods most commonly broken
down for energy.
* When food is broken down part is released as heat
the rest is stored as chemical energy.
ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate
1 adenine
*Energy is stored in the
phosphate bonds
P
P
adenosine
P
3 phosphate groups
Triphosphate
1 ribose
• Energy is released by breaking the last phosphate bond
“high energy bond” and this transfer to another compd
is called:
Phosphorylation
P
P
ATP
P
P
P
+
P
ADP
+
Pi
(Adenosine Diphosphate)
*has less energy than ATP
ATP CYCLE
ATP
Energy for cell use
Energy from food
ADP + Pi
Glucose is the most common food substance from
which we obtain energy.
*Glucose itself contains too much energy for the cell to use all at
once so it is broken down and stored in ATP.
1 Glucose = 38 ATP
1 Triglyceride = 146 ATP
1 Protein = 38 ATP
Hydrogen Receptors (coenzymes)
-NAD : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
-FAD : Flavin adenine dinucleotide
*Each of these 2 molecules can accept hydrogen atoms.
NAD + 2H
NADH
As the hydrogens are transferred the
coenzymes gain energy (temporarily)
*The energy is used to make
ATP from ADP + Pi
FAD + 2H
FADH2
Hydrogen is passed along in this way
until the last step in the pathway when
another substance is used as a final
acceptor.
*either oxygen or another substance
light energy
6CO2 + 12H2O
LIGHT DEPENDENT
-only in light (day)
-takes place in thylakoid
membrane of chloroplasts
chemical energy
light
VS
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
- light or dark (day/night)
- dependent on chemical
products of light rxns
- take place in stroma of
chloroplasts
Thylakoid
Grana
Stroma
•Light dependent rxns : membrane of thylakoid
•Light independent rxns : stroma
* Take place in thylakoid membrane
Light absorption = 1st step
2 Light Absorbing Forms
* Photosystem II (contain chlorophyll)
* Photosystem I
Purpose : Convert ADP
Convert NADP
ATP
NADPH
Energy from
electrons (e-)
electron acceptor
e- acceptor
eE.T.C
e-
2 H+
ADP + P
ATP
e-
(thylakoid
membrane)
2 NADPH
2 NADP
Photosystem II
(chlorophyll)
Photosystem I
(chlorophyll)
2H2O
2H2 + O2
Light Dependent Rxn : Thylakoid membrane
1. Sunlight absorbed by photosystem II
2. H20 is split into ½ O2 and 2H
3. Hydrogens pumped across the thylakoid membrane and e-’s passed
along ETC.
4. Sunlight absorbed by photosystem I, e- energy used to produce
NADPH
5. Using the hydrogen gradient ATP Synthase makes ATP
2H2O + Light
ATP + NADPH + O2
Carbon fixation - incorporation of CO2 into an organic compd
during photosynthesis.
Calvin Cycle = light independent rxn = dark rxn
(RuBP - 5 carbon sugar
starting &
ending compound
Calvin Cycle/Light independent rxn : stroma
6CO2
C6H12O6
glucose
CO2
1. Carbon Fixation
CO2 + RuBP
5. ATP and PGAL rebuild
RuBP so that the cycle can
begin again
6 carbon sugar
2. The 6-carbon
compd splits into
2 PGA (3 carbon
compds)
2 PGA
2 ATP
RuBP
ADP + P
ATP
2ADP + 2P
2 NADPH
2 NADP
4. SIX cycles produces PGAL
2 PGAL which combine
to form 1 glucose molecule
PGAL/G3P
Glucose (2PGAL/G3P)
PGAL
3. ATP & NADPH
produced in light rxn
provide energy to
convert PGA to PGAL
6CO2 + 12H2O
light
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
ATP & NADPH
provide energy
CO2 + RuBP
2 PGAL/ 2 G3P
6 CO2
2 PGA (3 carbon compd)
RuBP
Used to
make
more
12 PGAL (G3P)
to make
-10 PGAL Used
more RuBP
2 PGAL/2G3P
FORM
1 Glucose
http://www1.teachertube.com/view
Video.php?video_id=62625&title=
Photosynthesis
Aerobic : presence of oxygen
Anaerobic : absence of oxygen
*Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration start with the
same rxn: Glycolysis
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of cells
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/stud
ent_view0/chapter25/animation
Glucose
__how_glycolysis_works.html
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/cont
ent/cellularrespiration.html
C-C-C-C-C-C
PGAL (Phosphoglyceraldehyde) is
oxidized by losing 2 hydrogen atoms
and changes to another 3-carbon
compound called Pyruvate.
2 ATP
2 ADP + 2 P
PGAL
PGAL
C-C-C
C-C-C
2 ATP used
NAD
NADH
2 ADP + 2 P
2 ATP
NAD
NADH
2 ADP + 2 P
2 ATP
Pyruvate
C-C-C
Pyruvate
C-C-C
*4 ATP - 2 ATP (used) = 2 ATP (Net)
4 ATP made
Net Production
*2 NADH
*2 ATP
*Anaerobic respiration is very inefficient. It takes 20
Glucose molecules to make as much ATP as an aerobic
organism can make with 1 Glucose molecule.
Fermentation : conversion of Pyruvate to some
other product with no further release of
energy.
- yeast converts to CO2 and Ethyl Alcohol
- some bacteria create substances into cheese
- your cells make lactic acid
Glucose
Glycolysis (2 ATP)
Pyruvate
Without O2
Anaerobic bacteria,
Mammal muscles
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
yeast
Ethyl Alcohol + CO2
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespiration.html
*Aerobic Respiration begins with Glycolysis. The
remaining steps take place in the mitochondria.
Pyruvate
Pyruvate
C-C-C
C-C-C
NAD
CoA
NAD
NADH
CO2
NADH
C-C
CoA
CO2
C-C
Acetyl - CoA
(2 carbons)
Acetyl - CoA
(2 carbons)
Kreb Cycle
Kreb Cycle
Net Production
*2 NADH
*2 CO2
* 2 CYCLES
Acetyl-CoA
2 Carbons
4 Carbons
NADH
NAD
6 Carbons
NAD
NADH
4 Carbons
FADH2
NET Production
after 2 Cycles:
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
4 CO2
FAD
(citric acid)
CO2
5 Carbons
NAD
4 Carbons
NADH
ATP
ADP + P
CO2
Net Production:
http://www.sumanhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/
webcontent/animations/content/cellularrespirati
on.htmlasinc.com/webcontent/animations/conte
nt/cellularrespiration.html
1. Glycolysis
= 2 ATP
= 2 NADH
2. CoA
= 2 NADH
= 2 CO2
3. Kreb Cycle
= 6 NADH
= 2 FADH2
= 2 ATP
= 4 CO2
Total
= 10 NADH
2 FADH2
6 CO2
4 ATP
Electron Transport
Chain
Electron Transport Chain (ETC) - a highly organized
system of enzymes, coenzymes and proteins
in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
• NADH and FADH2 contain stored energy that will be
used to create additional ATP.
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/revi
ew4.html
10 NADH
2 FADH2
12 H+
12 H+ or e- are used to produce ATP
The e-’s from the hydrogen receptors are passed down
the proteins in the ETC and a H+ gradient is formed. ATP Synthase
converts the energy from the Hydrogens to 34 ATP (per glucose).
The final hydrogen acceptor for the H+ ions is Oxygen.
12 H2+ + 6 O2
12 H2O
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_p
34 ATP
lace/biocoach/cellresp/review4.html
Per Glucose : ETC
= 34 ATP
Glycolysis = 2 ATP
Kreb Cycle = 2 ATP
38 ATP
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + 38 ATP
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IJMRsTcwcg