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The Chemistry of Life What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat? Regents Biology 2006-2007 Chapter 6 Chemistry in Biology 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds 1. Atoms Chemistry is the study of matter. A. Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Neutrons and protons are located at the center of the atom. 1. Protons are positively charged particles. 2. Neutrons are particles that have no charge. Regents Biology Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds 3. Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus. Regents Biology Chemistry in Biology 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds 2. Elements An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means. There are over 100 known elements, 92 of which occur naturally. Each element has a unique name and symbol. Regents Biology Chemistry in Biology 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds The Periodic Table of Elements Horizontal rows are called periods. Vertical columns are called groups. Regents Biology 3. Elements of Life 96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N) Regents Biology What is a Molecule Covalent bonds hold 2 or more atoms together to form a molecule. A. Important Molecules H2O Water O2 Oxygen CO2 Carbon Dioxide C6H12O6 Glucose Regents Biology Why do elements form molecules. 1. To fill their outer shell with electrons. 2. This is called bonding. 3. Two types of bonding a. covalent = Sharing b. ionic = Transferring 4. Molecules are formed by covalent bonding. Regents Biology 4. Macro-molecules of Life A. Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms B. What are bodies made of? 1. carbohydrates sugars & starches 2. proteins 3. fats (lipids) 4. nucleic acids DNA, RNA Regents Biology How do we make these molecules? We build them! Regents Biology 2006-2007 Why do we eat? We eat to take in more of these chemicals Food for building materials to make more of us (cells) for growth for repair Food to make energy calories to make ATP Regents Biology ATP What do we need to eat? Foods to give you more building blocks & more energy for building & running bodies carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids vitamins minerals, salts water Regents Biology What do all macromolecules have in common? C. They all contain Carbon 1. 2. 3. Regents Biology Has 4 valence electrons Forms many types of covalent bonds. Forms the backbone of all macromolecules Regents Biology What do all macromolecules have in common? What is a polymer? What is a monomer? Regents Biology 2. They are all polymers A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers 3. They are all assembled by a Dehydration reaction (Condensation). How are polymers assembled? HO 1 Dehydration Reaction (Condensation) Water Making 3 2 H Unlinked monomer Short polymer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond HO Figure5.2A Regents Biology 1 2 H HO 3 H2O 4 H Longer polymer (a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer How are polymers taken apart? Polymers are disassembled by HO Hydrolysis (water Breaking) 1 2 3 4 Hydrolysis adds a water molecule, breaking a bond HO Figure 5.2B Regents Biology 1 2 3 (b) Hydrolysis of a polymer H H2O H HO H Building large molecules of life Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers Big molecules built from little molecules polymers Regents Biology Building large organic molecules Small molecules = building blocks (Monomers) Bond them together = polymers Regents Biology Building important polymers Carbohydrates = built from sugars(saccharides) sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Proteins = built from amino acids amino amino amino amino amino amino acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide Regents Biology How to build large molecules Synthesis (Dehydration) building bigger molecules from smaller molecules building cells & bodies repair growth reproduction + ATP Regents Biology Example of synthesis amino acids protein Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids Regents Biology amino acids = building block protein = polymer How to take large molecules apart Digestion (Hydrolysis) taking big molecules apart getting raw materials for synthesis & growth making energy (ATP) for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP Regents Biology Example of digestion ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP starch ATP glucose ATP Starch is digested to glucose Regents Biology Any Questions? Penguins gone bad! Regents Biology Old Food Pyramid Regents Biology New Food Pyramid Regents Biology Don’t forget water Water 65% of your body is H2O water is inorganic doesn’t contain carbon Rest of you is made of carbon molecules organic molecules carbohydrates proteins fats nucleic acids Regents Biology