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GREECE
THE GREEK POLIS
SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural
interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE.
a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the
Roman Empire.
b. WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ANCIENT GREECE?
c. WHERE IS GREECE?
• The polis (plural, poleis) was the ancient Greek
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city-state.
The word politics comes from this Greek word.
In the ancient world, it was the central urban
area that could also have controlled the
surrounding countryside.
The word polis could also refer to the city's body
of citizens.
• Polis, literally means city in Greek.
• It could also mean citizenship and body of
citizens.
• In modern historiography "polis" is
normally used to indicate the ancient
Greek city-states, like Classical Athens and
its contemporaries
• polis is often translated as "city-state."
PARTS/ELEMENTS OF POLIS
• Self-governance, autonomy and independence
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(city-state)
Agora: the social hub and financial marketplace,
on and around a centrally located large open
space
Acropolis: the citadel
Greek urban planning and architecture, public,
religious, and private (see Hippodamian plan)
Temples, altars
• Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth, etc.
• The polis began to emerge as a new form
of social and political organization in the
eighth century B.C.
• “Men are the Polis.”
-Thucydides
“Man is an animal whose nature it is to
live in a polis”
-Aristotle
• The period that the polis began to emerge can be
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considered not only as the time of recovery but also the
peak of Greek Civilization in terms of politics, society,
economy and culture.
Poleis were city-states established by the group of Greek
people who proudly termed themselves “Hellene”.
Independent and self governing; 30,000 to 300,000 in
population
All spoke Greek, believed in the pantheon of gods,
practiced forms of government, and had the same
culture.
TWO FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
• OLIGARCHY
• RULE BY THE FEW
• DEMOCRACY
• RULE BY THE PEOPLE
TWO MOST FAMOUS CITYSTATES
• ATHENS
• cultural achievements
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during the 5th century
BCE laid the foundations
of western civilization.
ECO BASED ON TRADE
AND SEAFARING
BIRTHPLACE OF
DEMOCRACY
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SPARTA
ECO BASED ON FARMING
MILITARY BASED
PRACTICED OLIGARCHY
WARS
• PERSIAN WARS, 490 – 481 BCE
• GREEK CITYSTATES LED BY ATHENS AND
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SPARTA VS. PERSIAN EMPIRE
GREEK VICTORY
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PELOPONNESIAN WARS, 431 – 404 BCE
ATHENS VS. SPARTA
SPARTA VICTORY
SPARTA DOMINATED GREEK CITYSTATES
FAMOUS GREEKS
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SOCRATES
469 BC – 399 BC
classical Greek Athenian philosopher
A founder of Western philosophy
Plato and Xenophon, famous students
Socratic method, type of pedagogy in
which a series of questions are asked
not only to draw individual answers,
but also to encourage fundamental
insight into the issue at hand
knowledge of the man, his life, and his
philosophy is entirely based on
writings by his students Plato,
Xenophon, Aristotle, and Aristophanes
SOCRATES
• Rather than upholding a status quo and accepting the
development of what he perceived as immorality within
his region, Socrates questioned the collective notion of
"might makes right" that he felt was common in Greece
during this period. Plato refers to Socrates as the
"gadfly" of the state (as the gadfly stings the horse into
action, so Socrates stung various Athenians), insofar as
he irritated some people with considerations of justice
and the pursuit of goodness. His attempts to improve
the Athenians' sense of justice may have been the
source of his execution.
Death of Socrates
Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825)
SOCRATES
• found guilty of both corrupting the minds
of the youth of Athens and of impiety
("not believing in the gods of the state"),
and subsequently sentenced to death by
drinking a mixture containing poison
hemlock.
• “THERE IS ONLY ONE GOOD,
KNOWLEDGE, AND ONE EVIL,
IGNORANCE.”
PLATO
• 429-349 BCE
• Classical Greek philosopher,
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mathematician, student of
Socrates
founder of the Academy in Athens,
the first institution of higher
learning in the Western world
helped to lay the foundations of
Western philosophy and science
FAMOUS LITERATURE, THE
REPUBLIC
WROTE DIALOGUES, BOOKS,
WHICH WERE CONVERSATIONS
BETWEEN A CHARACTER NAMED
SOCRATES AND OTHER
ATHENIANS
PLATO’S REPUBLIC
• The Republic
• Socratic dialogue written by Plato around 380 BC concerning the definition
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of justice and the order and character of the just city-state and the just
man
MAIN IDEA: HIS VISION OF A PERFECTLY GOVERNED SOCIETY
ANTI-DEMOCRACY
SOCIETY OF 3 GROUPS
1 FARMERS AND ARTISANS
2 WARRIORS
3 RULING CLASS
A PHILOSOPHER-KING WOULD BE CHOSEN FROM THE RULING CLASS.
ARISTOTLE
• 384 BC – 322 BC
• Greek philosopher, a
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student of Plato and
teacher of Alexander
the Great.
His writings cover
many subjects
founding figure in
Western philosophy
ARISTOTLE
• RULES OF LOGIC
• SUMMARY OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE
TIMES
• BASIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
• TUTOR OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, SON
OF PHILIP OF MACEDONIA
• FOUNDED SCHOOL CALLED THE LYCEUM
WHICH RIVALED THE ACADEMY
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
• July 356 – 10/11 June
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323 BC
By the age of thirty, he
had created one of the
largest empires of the
ancient world, stretching
from the Ionian Sea to
the Himalayas
He was undefeated in
battle and is considered
one of history's most
successful commanders
• Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion his
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conquests engendered
He founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most
notably Alexandria in Egypt
Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the
resulting spread of Greek culture in the east resulted in a
new Hellenistic civilization, aspects of which were still
evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire
He became the measure against which military leaders
compared themselves, and military academies
throughout the world still teach his tactics
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQfBi
nQwPGs
HELLENISTIC AGE, HELLENISTIC
CIVILIZATION
• Hellenistic civilization (Greek civilization beyond classical Greece)
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represents the zenith of Greek influence in the ancient world
323 BC to about 146 BC
Hellenistic civilization was preceded by the Classical Hellenic period,
and followed by Roman rule over the areas Greece had earlier
dominated – even though much of Greek culture, religion, art and
literature still permeated Rome's rule, whose elite spoke and read
Greek as well as Latin.
sparked by the conquests of Alexander the Great
resulted in the export of Greek culture and language to these new
realms, and moreover Greek colonists themselves
Cities: Athens, Syracuse, Alexandria, Antioch
CONTRIBUTIONS OF HELLENISTIC
CIVILIZATION
• 1 Art and philosophy were the key cultural
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contributions of Greek civilization.
2 Greek religion featured a pantheon of
anthropomorphic gods and goddesses.
3 Philosophy gave various answers to the
question of political organization and the search
for truth.
4 Greek thinkers were interested in the elements
from which the cosmos was created, which in
turn led to interest in mathematics and
geometry.
• 5 Discoveries were made in medicine and
astronomy
• 6 the astronomical observations of
Ptolemy stressed the position of the earth
at the center of the universe
• 7 Archimedes developed theories of
physics relating to water power and
mathematics.
• 8 Drama, vital to religious festivals, took a
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central role in Greek expression. Greek
dramatists produced both comedies and
tragedies
9 The Greeks also developed history as a form
of literature.
10 Greek artists were most advanced in
sculpture and architecture.
• Men, Women, and Social Divisions
• In Greek law and culture, women were inferior to men
• Female infanticide was practiced
• Despite their low social status, some Greek women were
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active in business and did control urban property
Greek marriages were arranged by the patriarchal
household head, and husbands could divorce their wives
at will
Conditions for women appear to have improved in the
Hellenistic era.
• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/260307/Hellenistic-Age
ROMAN REPUBLIC
• SSWH3 The student will examine the political,
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philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical
Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE.
a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis,
the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.
WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ROME?
WHAT IS A REPUBLIC?
a republic is a form of government in which the country
is considered a "public matter“ and where offices of
states are subsequently directly or indirectly elected or
appointed rather than inherited
ROMAN REPUBLIC
• PERIOD OF ancient Roman civilization when the
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government operated as a republic
It began with the overthrow of the Roman monarchy
509 BC – 27 BC
Replaced by a government headed by two consuls,
elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate
A complex constitution gradually developed
Based on the principles of a separation of powers and
checks and balances
Except in times of dire national emergency, public offices
were limited to one year, so in theory at least, no single
individual could dominate his fellow citizens.
• MOST IMPORTANT LEADER
• JULIUS CAESAR
• Leaders in the late Republic held power on behalf of the
Senate and people of Rome.
• EVENTS ENDING THE REPUBLIC
• 1 the appointment of Julius Caesar as perpetual dictator
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in 44 BC
2 the defeat of Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31
BC
3 the Roman Senate's grant of extraordinary powers to
Octavian (Augustus) in 27 BC
JULIUS CAESAR
• July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC
• WHAT DO YOU KNOW?
• Roman general and statesman
• writer of Latin prose
• played a critical role in the gradual
transformation of the Roman Republic into
the Roman Empire.
• "Veni, vidi, vici"
• Crossed the Rubicon with
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a legion to march on
Rome
Civil war resulted
emerged as the unrivaled
leader of Rome
program of social and
governmental reforms
• creation of the Julian calendar
• He centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic and was
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eventually proclaimed "dictator in perpetuity“
Caesar established a new constitution, which was
intended to accomplish three separate goals
1 suppress all armed resistance out in the provinces, and
thus bring order back to the empire
2 create a strong central government in Rome
3 knit together the entire empire into a single cohesive
unit
• Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by a
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group of senators led by Marcus Junius Brutus
civil wars broke out
constitutional government of the Republic was never restored
Caesar's adopted heir, later known as Augustus, rose to sole power,
and the era of the Roman Empire began.
Much of Caesar's life is known from his own accounts of his military
campaigns and from other contemporary sources, mainly the letters
and speeches of Cicero and the historical writings/biographies of
Caesar by famous Roman historians Suetonius and Plutarch
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http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=video+clips+for+julius+caesar&mid=13ACBB333DD863C
C054013ACBB333DD863CC0540&view=detail&FORM=VIRE1
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http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=video+clips+for+julius+caesar&mid=13ACBB333DD863C
C054013ACBB333DD863CC0540&view=detail&FORM=VIRE1