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Physiological Systems
Made up of: Nose, mouth, throat and lungs
Major Function: Bring O2 into the body and remove CO2
How does it work: Oxygen is inhaled down through the
bronchi and into the alveoli of the lungs- from there it is
transferred into the blood. CO2 transferred from the blood
through to the lungs and out of the body.
Response to Exercise:
Breathing occurs faster and more deeply- This allows more
oxygen to be inhaled and transferred to the blood and to
the muscles. The oxygen is used to help fuel the muscles for
exercise
Made up of: Four chambers (upper 2 chambers called atria,
bottom 2 called ventricles)
Major Function: Pump blood around the body. Does this by
squeezing blood out of the ventricles.
Where the blood goes once it leaves the heart:
Leaves heart through large vessel called the aorta
Goes out to muscles and organs where they take the oxygen out of blood
Blood returns to heart and lungs to be re-oxygenated
Response to Exercise:
During exercise muscles require more oxygen, therefore the
heart works harder by beating faster per minute and harder
by pumping more blood out with each beat
Increase in heart rate:
As exercise intensity increases so does the demand for
energy in the muscles. The energy is transported in the
bloodstream so therefore the heart has to increase its blood
flow (pump rate) to meet the greater demand.
Increase in breathing rate:
Similar to the answer above, as intensity increases so does
the demand for energy. Oxygen is the primary base of
energy required for muscles. So with the increase in
demand the lungs need to increase its supply of oxygen to
match the exceeded energy demands.
Sweating:
As the muscles contract more with the increasing intensity
they create friction which causes them to heat up. The heat
then causes the body to become hotter. With the increase in
heat, the body attempts to combat it by releasing sweat.
Redding in face:
Following on from above, once muscles have contracted
they begin to heat up, creating higher temperatures in
them. This causes the muscles to redden with the heat (and
more blood flow). The face has very superficial muscles due
to the shallow bone structure, so therefore the redden can
be viewed through the skin
Increased flexibility:
Your muscles are similar to chewing gum. When chewing
gum is cold they are tight/stiff; however like chewing gum
as they warm up (via friction and blood flow) they become
stretchy and flexible.
Decrease of RHR:
Your heart is a muscle, and whenever a muscle is worked
out it grows larger and stronger. So therefore the more the
heart works the stronger and more efficient it becomes. The
heart can now pump more volume around the body with
each pump so therefore doesn’t need to beat as often
Decrease in breathing rate:
The lungs work the same as the heart, so when the lungs
become larger and more efficient they can pump more O2
around the body
Muscles get larger and stronger:
Muscles are made up of 1000s of little fibres the work
together to create movement. Every time we exercise we
slightly tear the individual fibres (hence the pain the next
day) What happens next is that our muscles repair by filling
in the tears/gaps, which make the muscles larger and
stronger.
Feel fitter and use less energy:
As our body has adapted to the exercise we become
stronger and healthier/efficient. Our body now runs longer
and harder before fatiguing so everyday tasks feel easier
and recover faster from any exercise.
THE CREATINE PHOSPHATE SYSTEM (atp-cp)
ADENOSINE PHOSPHATE(ADP) + CREATINE PHOSPHATE = ATP (ENERGY)
• This energy system is for immediate activity
•This system uses the Creatine Phosphate stored in muscle cells
•Short duration activity 0-10 seconds
• High intensity 100%
• This system is extremely efficient, it does not need oxygen. It also leaves no waste
products
• Energy replenished after 2-3 minutes
THINK
100 metres, Throw
THE anaerobic lactic acid SYSTEM
• This energy system is for short term activity e.g. 10 seconds to 2min.
•High intensity 100%
•Because this system does not require oxygen to burn carbohydrates, significant
amounts of lactic acid can build up
•The main source of energy for this system is carbohydrates in form of glucose braken
down. This causes increase is acidity in muscles which brings on lactic acid (by product
of system) build up in muscles and blood causing fatigue therefore decrease in
performance
• At this point athlete can slow down allowing aerobic system to fuel the exercise or
they can stop exercising completely
• This is called paying back the ‘oxygen debt’
THINK
400 metres
Aerobic Systems
• This energy system is for long term activity e.g. 2 mins plus at low intensity
•Energy supplied to the body through oxygen, carbohydrates and fats
•Oxygen combines with lactic acid to produce water – no effect on performance
•Short duration activity 0-10 seconds
THINK
100 metres, Throw
Body Types
A person with the Ectomorph
body type has a lean
appearance, often with long,
slender arms and legs.
Ectomorph
Body type characterized
by
a low percentage of body
fat, small bone size, and a
small amount of muscle
mass and size.
Tall and Slender
Delicate built body
Little muscle and very little fat
Long bones, arms and legs.
Small shouldered
Takes longer to gain muscle
Thin
Advantages
Longer reach and larger
range of movement
Advantage when running,
contesting ball in netball,
basketball, endurance
sports due to less weight
Disadvantages
Not so well suited to sports
requiring physical contact
A person with the
mesomorph body type
appears muscular and wellproportioned
MESOMORPH
Body type characterized by
a low-to-medium
percentage of body fat,
medium-to-large bone
size, and a large amount of
muscle mass and size.
Athletic
Hard body
Hourglass shaped (female)
Rectangular shaped (male)
Muscular body
Excellent posture
Gain muscle easily
Gains fat more easily than Ectomorphs
Thick skin
Short and Stocky
ADVANTAGES
Suited for activities
requiring strength and
muscular endurance
e.g. lifting, pushing etc
Suited for contact
sports
DISADVANTAGES
Not as suited to
endurance sports as
carrying extra weight
The endomorph body type is
characterized by a round face,
short neck, and wide hips.
ENDOMORPH
Body type characterized by
a high percentage of body
fat, large bone size, and a
small amount of muscle
mass and size.
Soft body
More fat
Bigger than Ectomorphs but shorter
bones
Underdeveloped muscles
Round physique
Weight loss is difficult
ADVANTAGES
Suit contact sports due
to their extra weight
More suited to short
duration activities
DISADVANTAGES
Not suited for
endurance events as of
extra weight and fat