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Transcript
Chapter 3 Section 1
– Carbon Compounds
Section 1 Notes
1
Standards
★ 1.2-Distinguish among the structure and function of the
four major organic macromolecules found in living things.
• You should be able to:
• Describe proteins, carbohydrates, lipids
and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) by writing
about:
– what foods contain them.
– drawing their organic molecules.
– how they function in the body (what they do in
the body to help it work)
2
Organic Compounds
• Carbon forms the “skeleton” of most
molecules in living things.
• Carbon has 4 electrons that will bond to 4
other electrons from other elements. This
allows it to make lots of combinations.
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS are made primarily
from carbon atoms. They are found in things
that were once living or are now living.
– Fossil fuels are organic compounds – they are
decayed trees, algaes in ponds, swamp plants
3
Carbon molecule names
• A carbon molecule made of one unit is
called a MONOMER
• A carbon molecule made of more than one
unit is called a POLYMER.
• Large polymers are called
MACROMOLECULES.
4
WORDS YOU MUST LEARN
•
•
•
•
•
•
MONO means “one”.
POLY means “many”.
HYDRO means “water”.
LYSIS means “to break apart”.
TRI means “three”.
DI means “two”
5
Quick review
•
•
•
•
•
1. What is special about the carbon atom?
2. What organisms contain carbon?
3. What does the prefix “di” mean?
4. What does the prefix “tri” mean?
5. A polyatomic molecule would have how
many atoms?
• 6. A hydroelectric dam would get electricity
from what source?
68
Drawing organic molecules
• Organic molecules are drawn with lines
representing the hydrogen bonds that link
the electrons together.
• Sometimes there are two lines because
there are two electrons that bond together
in each atom. Oxygen (O2) is an example.
These are called double bonds.
• It can share three bonds as well. These
are triple bonds.
7
Pay attention to the
variety of shapes the
carbon atoms can
create because of the
4 electrons
10
8
Atoms in groups
• Organic compounds are groups of atoms in
chains.
• These groups are called FUNCTIONAL
GROUPS.
• The atoms that are in the chain determine
how the chain attaches to others. (their
Function!)
• Functional groups control the chemical
reactions in cells because they can only
bond (attach) in certain ways.
9
Functional groups
phosphate
10
11
12
13
Hydroxyl
14
13
Carbonyl
15
14
Amino
16
15
Phosphate
17
16
18
19
Carboxyl
20
17
5 functional groups
•
•
•
•
•
Hydroxl
Carboxl
Amino
Phosphate
Carbonyl
YOU MUST KNOW THESE BY SIGHT>
MAKE FLASHCARDS TO STUDY pg. 52
21
Quick check
•
•
•
•
•
•
Draw
1. Carboxyl
2. Carbonyl
3. Phosphate
4. Hydroxyl
5. Amino
22
19
Identify – the macromolecule
called a carbohydrate
• Carbohydrates have which atoms in them?
C
H
O
(Carbon)
(Hydrogen)
(Oxygen)
★EXAMPLES in FOOD: glucose, fructose,
sucrose, lactose, galactose
23
20
24
A New Name for Sugar: Saccharide
★EXAMPLES in FOOD: glucose, fructose,
sucrose, lactose, galactose
–THESE ARE KNOWN AS
–
SACCHARIDES
25
Glucose has a basic one ring
structure
It has 6 sides
26
21
"ONE SUGAR"
• WHAT would "ONE SUGAR" be called in
biology????????
- The word for one is ________.
- The word for sugar is___________.
- So the new word for one sugar is
•
______________________________.
27
Fructose is the other "simple",
one ring sugar
It has 5 sides
28
23
What kind of sugar is fructose?
• Hint: it has ONE SUGAR
• MONOSACCHARIDE
29
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
This is a disaccharide
di = two
Sucrose
See how two sugars are attached?
30
24
Review
31
25
How do we draw them?
32
These are what molecules?
What is different? Same?
Isomers of glucose
Isomers of fructose
33
22
ISOMERS
• Glucose, Fructose and Galactose are the
THREE MONOSACCHARIDE SUGARS.
• Monosaccharide sugars are also called
“simple sugars”.
• The monosaccharide sugars have a
special property: Their CHO atoms always
make molecules with numerical ratios of
1:2:1 Example: C6H12O6, C12H24O12
34
ISOMERS
• Even though the monosaccharides are
different shapes, they still have the same
number of CHO molecules.
• They are simply arranged differently.
• ISOMERS are compounds with the same
chemical formula, but a different chemical
stucture.
35
Review
• What is an isomer?
36
Review: What is this?
First – identify the molecule
sugar
Now, it is a polymer – long chains
Your choices: a. lipid or b. cellulose
37
26
How do you make polymers?
✓You put monomers together, of course!
✓They are attached by hydrogen bonds in a
chemical reaction called a CONDENSATION
REACTION.
✓The reason it is called this is because a water
molecule is released when the bond is formed
(and water formation is called condensation).
✓This happens because one of the monomers
will release a H and one will release an OH to
form the bond between them.
38
How do you break a polymer apart?
★Water is added to a polymer and the polar
water will cause the bonds to break.
★Adding water is called HYDROLYSIS.
★The polar water pulls apart with the broken
monomers.
★One pulled apart monomer takes the H and
the other one takes the H.
★That leaves monomers.
39
Breaking and making bonds is
critical for survival
✴The breaking of bonds is how you get your
body heat.
✴The breaking of bonds is how you get the
energy you use to function every second of
your life.
✴The making of bonds must be done in
order for them to be broken!
✴Breaking the bonds releases energy.
✴Making bonds stores the energy.
40
ATP is the ENERGY Molecule
• ATP = adenosine triphosphate
• How many phosphate groups does it have?
• The bonds between the functional groups BREAK
and release energy.
• ATP changes to ADP then to ATP then to ADP etc.
• ADP is adenosine diphosphate.
• When the bonds break, energy is released.
• When the bonds re-assemble, energy is used. So
more energy must be made than used at all times.
• ENERGY IS STORED IN UNBROKEN BONDS
41
Review
•
•
•
•
What does ADP stand for?
How many phosphate groups are in it?
How does ATP create energy?
How does ATP regain it energy?
42
HW
• Page 54
• 1,2,3,6,10
43