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Protein: Amino Acids © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Amino Acids © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Amino Acids • Nonessential amino acids –a.k.a dispensable amino acids • Essential amino acids –a.k.a indispensable amino acids • Conditionally essential amino acids © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth An Essential Amino Acid © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Nonessential Amino Acids © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins • Peptide bond © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins • Dipeptide © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins • Tripeptide © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins • Polypeptide © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins • Amino acid sequences © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth • Protein shape and function © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Proteins • Protein denaturation © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Digestion • Stomach –HCl –Pepsinogen pepsin •Proenzyme © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Digestion • Small intestine –Proteases •Intestinal and pancreatic –Peptidases © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Absorption • Carriers • Capillaries • Absorption misconceptions – Enzyme/amino acid supplements © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis • Delivering the instructions –DNA •mRNA © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis • Sequencing errors © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Synthesis • Nutrients and gene expression © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins • Building material –Growth –Maintenance © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins • Enzymes © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins • Hormones © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins • Regulation of fluid balance –Edema • Acid-base regulation –Acidosis –Alkalosis © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth • Transport proteins © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins • Immunity –Antibodies –Antigens © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Roles of Proteins • Source of energy • Other roles © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Metabolism • Protein turnover –Amino acid pool • Nitrogen balance –Positive nitrogen balance –Negative nitrogen balance © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Metabolism • Using amino acids to make proteins • Using amino acids to make nonessential amino acids © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Metabolism • Using amino acids to make other compounds –Neurotransmitters • Using amino acids for energy and glucose © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Metabolism • Deamination • Using amino acids to make fat © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Quality • High-quality proteins • Digestibility –Animal vs. plant • Amino acid composition –Limiting amino acid © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Quality • Reference protein • Complementary proteins © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein Quality • PDCAAS –Protein digestibilitycorrected amino acid score © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Food Labels • Quantity of protein • Daily Value –50 g protein •10% of a 2000 kcal diet © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) • Acute PEM • Chronic PEM © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) • Marasmus • Kwashiorkor • Marasmus-kwashiorkor mix © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) • Infections –Dysentery • Rehabilitation © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Health Effects • Heart disease • Cancer • Adult bone loss –osteoporosis © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Health Effects • Weight control • Kidney disease © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Recommended Intakes • RDA –0.8 g/kg/day –10% - 35% of energy intake © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Recommended Intakes • Adequate intake • Protein in abundance © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Supplements • Protein supplements • Amino acid supplements © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets • Health benefits © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets • Diet planning –Protein •Lacto-ovo-vegetarians •Meat replacements –Texturized vegetable protein © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets • Vitamins and minerals –Lactovegetarians –Vegans © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets • Omega-3 fatty acids © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets • Vegetarian diets through the life span –Pregnancy and lactation –Infancy –Childhood and adolescence © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth Vegetarian Diets • Healthy food choices –Macrobiotic diets © 2006 Thomson-Wadsworth
