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NUTRIENTS MACRONUTRIENTS MICRONUTRIENTS METABOLISM ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS NUTRIENTS IN = NUTRIENTS USED HOMEOSTASIS TOO FEW= MALNUTRITION TOO MANY = OBESITY INFLUENCED BY SMELL, TASTE, TEXTURE NEURAL CONTROL: GASTRIC STRETCH RECEPTORS, STRESS, HORMONES BY AFFECTING ARCUATE NUCLEUS IN HYPOTHALAMUS INSULIN EATING: ADIPOCYTES RELEASE LEPTIN: INHIBITS RELEASE OF NEUROPEPTIDE Y (WHICH STIMULATES EATING) LOW LEPTIN = INCREASES APETITIE GHRELIN: GASTRIC HORMONE: STIMULATES NEUROPEPTIDE Y ? MOST OF THESE FOODS HAVE MANY MINERALS AND VITAMINS CELLULOSE: FIBER MONO: FRUCTOSE, GALACTOSE, GLUCOSE + EXCESS = ? GLUCONEOGENESIS ? TO MAKE RIBOSE AND DEOXYRIBOSE =? + LACTOSE DURING LACTATION PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE SO MORE ACTIVE INDIVIDUALS =? 125 TO 175 GRAMS/DAY SO PROTEIN NOT CONSUMED AVERAGE: 200 TO 300 GRAMS/ DAY =? USE: ENERGY, STRUCTURES TRIGLYCERIDES = SATURATED UNSATURATED MONOUNSATURATED ARE THE HEALTHIEST SATURATED: HEART DISEASE CHOLESTEROL FATS: ENERGY: 9 KCAL/GRAM TRIGLYCERIDES: HYDROLYSIS FATTY ACIDS AND GLYCEROL BETA OXIDATION ACETYL COENZYME A OR FATTY ACID OXIDASES ACETYL COENZYME A ACETYL COENZYME A IN? GLYCEROL GLUCOSE ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS CAN FORM LIPOPROTEINS CHOLESTEROL: STRUCTURES AND HORMONES AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION: 30% OR LESS TO SUPPLY FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS MONOMERS: ? ENERGY: DEAMINATION: LIVER REMOVES NITROGEN GROUP WHICH FORMS AMMONIA AND THEN UREA ? TO ? DEAMINATED AA ACETYL COENZYME A OR OTHER SPOTS IN KREBS CYCLE FORM GLUCOSE OR FAT; USUALLY NOT USED FOR ENERGY BUT FOR STRUCTURE BUILDING LIVER EXCEPT FOR 8 ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS 20 AMINO ACIDS NOT STORED SO IF NOT USED USED FOR ENRGY OR FORM GLUCOSE OR FAT COMPLETE PROTIENS: LIFE AND GROWTH; MILK, MEAT, EGGS PARTIALLY COMPLETE: LIFE NOT GROWTH INCOMPLETE PROTEINS PROTEIN BUILT AND BROKEN DOWN IN CELLS; GAIN = LOSS: DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM NITROGEN IN = NITROGEN OUT NEGATIVE NITROGEN BALANCE = ? POSITIVE NITROGEN BALANCE = ? ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS NITROGEN FOR AMINO ACID SYNTHESIS SYNTHESIS OF NONPROTEIN NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS INTAKE; .8 GRAM/KILOGRAM BODY WEIGHT 60-150 GRAMS/DAY AVERAGE PREGNANT AND NURSING = MORE TISSUE WASTING LOWER PLASMA PROTEIN = LOWER COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE = ? FLUID STAYS IN TISSUE = NUTRITIONAL EDEMA IF NOT ENOUGH CALORIES: START DIGESTING STRUCTURAL MOLECULES TOO MUCH = OBESITY ENERGY VALUE OF FOOD IN CALORIES *AMOUNT OF HEAT NEEDED TO RAISE TEMPERATURE OF 1 GRAM OF WATER 1 DEGREE CELSIUS FOOD = LARGE CALORIE/KILOCALORIE = 1000X MORE AMOUNT OF HEAT TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE OF 1 KILOGRAM OF WATER 1 DEGREE CELSIUS = 4.184 JOULES HOW IS FOOD TESTED FOR ENERGY? SAME AS IN US ? CARBOHYDRATES: 4.1 C/G PROTEINS: 4.1 C/G FATS: 9.5 C/G SAME FOR ALL? WHY? FOR BMR, MUSCLE ACTIVITY, BODY TEMPERATURE, GROWTH, BMR: AWAKE AT REST; WHAT IS NEEDED TO KEEP ORGANS GOING AMOUNT OF ENERGY CONSUMED = ? 1C PER HOUR PER KILOGRAM BODY WEIGHT BODY SIZE, GENDER, BODY TEMPERATURE, ENDOCRINE GLAND ACTIVITY BMR = SAME ALL DAY ? WHY ? BMR USES MOST OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE NEXT IS VOLUNTARY MUSCLE USE MAY NEED MORE FOR BODY TEMPERATURE ALSO NEED MORE FOR GROWTH USUALLY HOMEOSTATIC POSITIVE ENERGY BALANCE NEGATIVE ENERGY BALANCE 500C /DAY = 3500 C /WEEK =1 POUND /WEEK BMI: WEIGHT AND HEIGHT ORGANIC COMPOUNDS REQUIRED IN SMALL AMOUNTS FOR METABOLISM, WHICH BODY CAN NOT MANUFACTURE ENOUGH OF PROVITAMINS : PRECURSOR TO VITAMINS CLASSIFIED BY SOLUBILITY ? FAT SOLUBLE; A,D,E,K WATER SOLUBLE: REST, B, C ARE THEY STORED IN BODY? RESULTS? WHO NEEDS SUPPLEMENTS? DISSOLVE IN FATS: LIPID SOLUBLE: STORED CAN BE TOXIC STABLE TO HEAT SO COOKING? A: RHODOSPIN: ?; ONLY FROM FOODS FROM ANIMALS; ANTIOXIDANT: BREAK DOWN FREE RADICALS THAT CAN DESTORY TISSUES D: STEROIDS, ACTIVATED FORM HELPS ABSORB CALCIUM; HARD TO GET NATURALLY, SUN HELPS (SUNSCREEN) E: ANTIOXIDANT; K: SOME PRODUCED BY BACTERIA E. COLI; FORMATION OF SOME CLOTTING PROTEIN SOME DESTROYED BY COOKING C AND B VITAMINS B: FAD + NAD FORMATION; AI9DS ACETYL COENZYME A; AIDS FORMATION OF PROTIENS; HELP AMINO ACID METABOLISM; COLLAGEN PRODUCTION; INORGANIC PLANTS PICK MINERALS HUMANS FROM FOOD CHAIN 4% OF BODY WEIGHT MOSTLY FOUND IN? (75% OF WEIGHT OF MINERALS IN BONE AND TEETH) IN ORGANIC MOLECULES SOME INORGANIC (CALCIUM PHOSPHATE) SOME FREE IONS (CHLORIDE IONS) STRUCTURAL, IN ENZYMES, OSMOTIC PRESSURE, NERVE IMPULSE CONDUCTION, MUSCLE CONTRACTION, COAGULATION, pH MAINTAINANCE HOMEOSTASIS INTAKE = EXCRETION PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE FORM IS ION ? CONTROLLED BY HOMEOSTASIS MINERAL TOXICITY: FOOD, POLLUTION, DISEASE, TRAUMA 75%: CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS CALCIUM FOR ? NOT A LOT OF SOURCES DEFICIENCY IS MORE COMMON THAN TOXICITY PHOSPHRUS FOR ? USUALLY HAVE ENOUGH UNLESS THERE IS A DISEASE POTASSIUM, SULFUR, SODIUM, CHLORINE, MAGNESIUM MICROMINERALS: ESSENTIAL LESS THAN .005% MANGANESE, IRON, COPPER, IODINE, COBALT, ZINC, FLOURINE, SELENIUM, CHROMIUM IRON: LIVER IS ONLY RICH SOURCE BUT OTHER SOURCES IODINE: MAIN SOURCE? ADEQUATE DIET: SUPPORT OPTIMAL GROWTH AND REPAIR BODY TISSUE RDA GUIDELINES: UPPER LIMIT; LOOKED AT EVERY 5 YEARS why? RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCE IS DIFFERENT FOR DIFFERENT GROUPS FOOD PYRAMIDS: GEARED TO AGE, GENDER, FOOD PREFERANCE, HEALTH, GOALS FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES OVER PROCESSED FOOD UNDERNUTRITION OVERNUTRITION PRIMARY MALNUTRITION: DIET SECONDARY MALNUTRITION: CAUSES AN ADEQUATE DIET TO BE INADEQUATE 50-70 DAYS MARASMUS LACK OF NUTRIENTS KWASHIORKOR PROTEIN STARVATION ANOREXIA NERVOSA SELF IMPOSED STARVATION BULIMIA BINGE AND PURGE DIETARY REQUIREMENTS STAY ABOUT THE SAME BUT OFTEN CAN’T GET NUTRIENTS BMR CHANGES RISES, DROPS, RISES, DECLINES @ 50 WEIGHT USUALLY RISES OFTEN AFFECTED BY MEDICATIONS AND POVERTY WITH AGE SOME DEFICIENCIES TAKE A LONG TIME TO SHOW UP