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Substance Related Disorders Alcohol – Hallucinogen Candace McBride PSY6670 Troy University Substance Related Disorders Substance refers to a drug of abuse, a medication, or a toxin. Substances in the DSM are grouped into 11 classes: Alcohol Amphetamine Caffeine Cannabis Cocaine Hallucinogens Substance Related Disorders Substance Related Disorders are divided into two categories: Substance Use Disorders (Dependence and Abuse) Substance Induced Disorders (Intoxication and Withdrawal) Substance Dependence Dependence is defined as cluster of three or more of the following symptoms occurring at any time in a 12 month period. Tolerance-a need for increased amounts of the substance or diminished effect with the continued use of the same amount of the substance. Withdrawal-varies based on substance There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful attempts to control substance. Substance is taken in larger amounts over a longer period of time. A great deal of time is spent trying to obtain the substance. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of the substance. Substance Abuse Abuse is defined as a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment as demonstrated by one of the following: Failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home. Use in situations in which it is physically hazardous Recurrent substance related legal problems Persistent social or interpersonal problems caused by the effects of the substance. Substance Intoxication The reversible substance-specific syndrome due to the recent ingestion of a substance. Clinically significant behavior changes that are due to the effect of the substance of the nervous system, which include belligerence, impaired judgment, or impaired social functioning. Substance Withdrawal Development of a substance specific maladaptive behavioral change due to the cessation of, or reduction in, heavy and prolonged substance use. Causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The diagnosis of withdrawal is recognized for the following groups of substance: alcohol, amphetamines, and other related substances, cocaine, nicotine, opioids, and sedatives, and hypnotics. The signs and symptoms of withdrawal are specific to substance used. Substance-Related Disorders Associated Features Diagnosis of substance abuse requires obtaining a detailed history from the individual as well as a physical exam. Routes of administration that produce more rapid and efficient absorption into the bloodstream tend to result in more intense intoxication. The half-life of a substance parallels the aspects of withdrawal, the longer the duration of action, the longer the time between cessation and onset of withdrawal symptoms and the longer withdrawal is likely to last. Substance-Related Disorders Associated Features Individuals with Cocaine Dependence frequently use alcohol to counteract the lingering cocaine induced anxiety. Blood and urine tests are used to determine recent use of he substance. Clinicians should use the code that applied to the class of substances rather than the name for the class, for example -305.70 Methamphetamine Abuse, instead of Amphetamine Abuse If substance doesn’t fit into any class, use the appropriate code for other substance, for example -305.90 Amyl Nitrate Abuse If substance is unknown, the code for the class should be used -292.89 Other or Unknown Substance Intoxication Alcohol Related Disorders Alcohol is the most frequently used brain depressant and the cause of considerable morbidity and mortality. As many as 90% of adults have had some experience with alcohol, and 60% of males and 30% of females have had one or more alcohol related adverse life event. Alcohol Use Disorders Dependence Individuals with alcohol dependence often continue to consume alcohol, despite adverse consequences, often to avoid or to relieve the symptoms of withdrawal. Only a minority of individuals with alcohol dependence have experienced clinical levels of alcohol withdrawals, and only about 5% of these individuals ever experience severe complications from withdrawals (i.e. delirium and seizures). Alcohol abuse can only be diagnosed in the absence of alcohol dependence. Alcohol Induced Disorders Intoxication In alcohol intoxication one or more of the following signs develops during or shortly after alcohol use: - slurred speech - uncoordination unsteady gait impairment in attention or memory stupor or coma. Alcohol-Related Disorders Associated Features and Disorders Associated with significant increase in risk of accidents, violence and suicide. 1 in 5 intensive care admissions are alcohol related At least part of the reported association between depression and Alcohol Dependence may be attributable to co morbid depressive symptoms resulting from the effects of intoxication or withdrawal. Alcohol-Related Disorders Associated Physical Examination Findings and General Medical Conditions Repeated intake of high doses of alcohol can affect nearly every organ system, especially gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system, and central and peripheral nervous system. Gastrointestinal affects about 15% of heavy alcohol drinkers and include, liver cirrhosis, gastritis, pancreatitis, and cancer of stomach and esophagus. Associated Laboratory Findings Laboratory indicators of heavy drinking is an elevation of gammaglutamyltransferase (GCT), at least 70% of individuals with high GCT levels are persistent heavy drinkers. The level of GCT can be used by clinician to test if the client has abstained from use. Alcohol-Related Disorders Specific Culture, Age and Gender Features Cultural traditions surrounding the use of alcohol in family, religious, and social settings can affect alcohol use patterns and likelihood of alcohol problems to develop. Asians are less likely to have an alcohol disorder due to deficiency of the form of aldehyde dehydrogenase that eliminates low levels of the first breakdown product of alcohol, in the absence of this enzyme they get flushed face and have palpitations. Whites and African Americans have similar rates of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence, while Latino males have a higher rate. Alcohol-Related Disorders Specific Culture, Age and Gender Features Low educational level, unemployment, and lower socioeconomic status are associated with Alcohol disorders, but it is difficult to tell cause from effect. Females tend to have higher blood alcohol concentrations than males because they tend to metabolize alcohol more slowly and have a lower percentage of body water. Alcohol Abuse and Dependence varies among age groups, and occurs at a male to female ratio of 5:1. Alcohol-Related Disorders Prevalence and Course Higher proportions of drinkers are found in urban and coastal areas. 77% of people use alcohol during the ages of 26 and 34. Alcohol dependence peaks in the mid 20’s and 30’s. Dependence has a variable course that is frequently characterized by remission and relapse. Higher than 65% have at least 1 year of abstinence rate following treatment. Alcohol-Related Disorders Familial Pattern 40-60% of the variance of risk is explained by genetic influence Higher risk is associated with greater number of affected relatives, closer genetic relationships, and severity of alcohol related problems in affected relative. Caffeine-Related Disorders Caffeine has a number of different sources including, coffee, tea, caffeinated soda, over the counter analgesics and cold remedies, anti-drowsiness pills, chocolates and cocoa. U.S. average caffeine intake is 200mg/day and up to 30% consuming 500mg/day. Caffeine Related Disorders Associated Features and Disorders Mild sensory disturbances have been reported in higher doses, and these doses can also increase heart rate. Heavy use is associated with the exacerbation of anxiety and somatic symptoms such as cardiac arrhythmias and gastrointestinal pain and diarrhea. Caffeine use and sources vary across cultures, the average caffeine intake in most of the developing world is less than 50mg/day, while the average daily consumption in Sweden is more than 400/mg/day. Caffeine dependence is higher in males than in females. Caffeine-Related Disorders Prevalence and Course The pattern of caffeine intake fluctuates during life with 80-85% of adults consuming caffeine in any given year. Caffeine intake is probably elevated among individuals who smoke and those who use alcohol. Caffeine consumption begins in mid teens, increased consumption through 20’s and into 30’s when use levels off and perhaps begins to fall. 40% of individuals who have stopped the intake of caffeine report that they changed their pattern in response to its side effects and/or health concerns. Cannabis Related Disorders Cannabis includes substances derived from the cannabis plant and chemically similar synthetic compounds, most commonly used is marijuana. Cannabis is usually smoked, but can be taken orally, usually mixed with tea or food. Marijuana is the worlds most commonly used illicit substance. Cannabis has been used since ancient times for its psychoactive effects and as a remedy for a wide range of medical conditions. It is among the first drugs of experimentation for all cultural groups. Cannabis-Related Disorders Dependence Individuals may use very potent cannabis throughout the day over a period of months or years and spend many hours a day acquiring and using substance Individuals persist in use despite the knowledge of physical or psychological problems. Intoxication Usually begins with a “high” feeling followed by symptoms that include: Euphoria Inappropriate laughter Sedation Lethargy Impairment in short-term memory Impaired motor performance Cannabis-Related Disorders Associated Features and Disorders Cannabis may be mixed and smoked with opioids and hallucinogens Taken in high doses cannabis has psychoactive effects that can be similar to hallucinogens Paranoid ideation ranging from suspiciousness to frank delusions and hallucinations can occur. Urine tests for cannabis can be positive within 710 days and heavy use can be positive for 2-4 weeks. Cannabis smoke contains larger amounts of known carcinogens than tobacco. Cannabis-Related Disorders Prevalence and Course 1996 survey found that 32% of the U.S. have used cannabis, almost 1 in 11 have used in the last year, and 5% in the last month. Dependence and Abuse develop over an extended period of time, although progression might be more rapid in young people with pervasive conduct disorders. Most people establish a pattern of chronic use that increases in both frequency and amount. Cannabis is often used as a gateway drug. Cocaine-Related Disorders Cocaine is a naturally occurring substance produced by the coca plant and is consumed in several preparations that differ in potency due to varying levels of purity and speed of onset. Cocaine is usually snorted or taken intravenously. Most common form of use in U.S is “crack” a cocaine alkaloid that is extracted from cocaine by mixing it with sodium bicarbonate and allowing it to dry into small “rocks”. Crack is easily vaporized and inhaled, and the effects have extremely rapid onset. Cocaine-Related Disorders Dependence Cocaine has extremely potent euphoric effects and individuals exposed to it can develop dependence after using for very short periods of time. The first sign of dependence is the individual finds it increasingly difficult to resist using cocaine whenever it is available. There is a frequent need for dosing to remain high due to the short half life of cocaine, which is 30-50 minutes. Individuals spends a large amount of money on the drug within a short period of time, which can lead to theft, prostitution or drug dealing. Cocaine-Related Disorders Abuse Individual has episodes of problematic use, neglect of responsibilities, and interpersonal conflict, which often occur around payday or special occasions, resulting in a pattern of brief periods of high doses followed by much longer periods of occasional or nonproblematic use. I Intoxication Usually begins with a “high” followed by euphoria with enhanced vigor, hyperactivity, restlessness, hypervigilance, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, tension, and alertness. The magnitude and direction of behavioral and physiological changes depend on many variables, including the dose and the individual characteristics of the person. Cocaine-Related Disorders Withdrawal The symptoms of cocaine withdrawal include: dysphoric mood, fatigue, insomnia, increased appetite, intense and unpleasant feelings, and suicide ideation. Cocaine-Related Disorders Associated Features and Disorders Cocaine is short acting and produces rapid and powerful effects in the central nervous system. Promiscuous sexual behavior is experienced either as a result of increased sexual desire or using sex for the purpose of obtaining cocaine. Developed conditioned responses to cocaine related stimuli is a phenomenon that occurs with most drugs that cause intense psychological changes and often contributes to relapse. Lab Findings A single dose can be found in positive in urine test for 1-3 days following use, with high doses results can be positive for 7-12 days. Medical conditions vary based on route of administration of cocaine. Cocaine-Related Disorders Specific Culture, Age, and Gender Cocaine affects all races, socioeconomic statuses, ages, and gender groups in the U.S. Cocaine became an issue in the U.S in the 1970’s with more affluent individuals, it has shifted to include lower socioeconomic groups living in both metropolitan and rural areas. Male to female ratio is 2:1. Cocaine-Related Disorders Prevalence and Course A 1996 survey showed that 10% of the U.S. population had ever used cocaine, 2% within the last year, and 0.8% within the last month. Highest rates of lifetime use is between ages of 26-34, highest rate of use over past year is 18-25 year olds. There are a two main patterns of self administration: -Episodic-use tends to be separated by 2 or more days of nonuse (binges). -Daily- may involve high or low doses throughout the day or restricted to only a few hours a day. Progression from abuse to dependence occurs over a few weeks to months. Amphetamine-Related Disorders Amphetamine is substances with substituted phenylethylamine structures, such as amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and metamphetamine(speed), and appetite suppressants. Amphetamines are usually taken orally, intravenously, or intranasally. May be obtained by prescription for obesity, ADHD, and narcolepsy. Most effects are similar to cocaine, but psychoactive effects last longer. Amphetamine-Related Disorders Dependence Usage may be chronic, episodic, or occurs in binges. Behavior can be aggressive, violent and intense, but temporary anxiety can resemble a panic disorder. Withdrawal Develops within a few hours to several days after cessation of heavy and prolonged use Weight loss usually occurs during heavy stimulant use, whereas marked increase in appetite with rapid weight gain is often observed during withdrawal. Amphetamine-Related Disorders Associated Features and Disorders Associated with dependence or abuse of other substances, especially those with sedative properties, which are usually taken to reduce the jittery unpleasant feelings. Urine tests can remain positive for 1-3 days A history of conduct disorder and adult antisocial personality disorder may be associated with the later development of an amphetamine related disorder. Can be seen throughout all levels of society and more common among persons between 18-30. Male to female ratio 4:1. Amphetamine-Related Disorders Prevalence and Course Patterns of use differ between locales In the 1980’s 25% of adults reported amphetamine use, in a 1996 survey only 5% of adults acknowledged having used a “stimulant” and 1% having used within last year. Amphetamines, like cocaine have two patterns of administration, episodic and daily. Hallucinogen-Related Disorder Hallucinogens are a diverse group of substances that include LSD, MDMA, and ecstasy. Hallucinogens can be taken orally, smoked, or injected. Exposure to hallucinogens occur first in adolescence. Withdrawal does not occur with hallucinogens. Hallucinogen-Related Disorder Dependence Tolerance develops rapidly to the euphoric and psychedelic effects of hallucinogens. The long half life and extended duration of action of most hallucinogens result in individuals spending hours to days using and recovering from their effects. Some individuals can manifest dangerous behavioral reactions due to the lack of insight and judgment while intoxicated. Cravings usually occur after stopping use. Hallucinogen-Related Disorder Abuse and Intoxication Individuals who misuse hallucinogens are likely to use them much less that do those with dependence, however they may repeatedly fail to fulfill major role obligations at school, work and home. Intoxication begins with stimulant effects such as restlessness and hyperactivity, but with higher doses more intense symptoms occur, such as: -Feelings of euphoria may alternate rapidly with depression and anxiety -Visual illusions or enhanced sensory experience -Synesthesias- a blending of senses -Visual hallucinations of geometric forms and figures Hallucinogen-Related Disorder 292.89 Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (Flashbacks) Essential feature is the transient recurrence of disturbances in perception that are reminiscent of those experienced during hallucinogen intoxication. The individual has to have had no recent hallucinogen intoxication and must have no current drug toxicity. The abnormal perception associated with this disorder are self induced or triggered by entering a dark environment. Perceptual disturbances may include geometric forms, peripheral images, flashes of color, intensified colors, trailing images, and halos around images. Hallucinogen-Related Disorder Associated Features and Disorders Environmental factors and personality and expectations of the individual using hallucinogens may contribute to the nature and severity of the hallucinogen intoxication. Hallucinogens may be used as part of established religious practices such as peyote in the Native American Church. Use is 3 times more common in males than in females. Hallucinogen-Related Disorder Prevalence and Course The two most commonly used forms of hallucinogens are LSD and MDMA. Peak prevalence was between 1966 and 1970 A 1996 survey showed that 10% of people 12 and older acknowledged the use of hallucinogens, the highest proportion of use is 18-25 years old. Intoxication may be a brief and isolated event, but frequent dosing tends to reduce the intoxicating effects because of the development of tolerance. Depending of the route of administration the peak effects occur within a few hours to few days after dosing ends. DOACLIENTMAP Charlie Sheen Description Charlie Sheen is a 45 year old American film and television actor. Sheen is the son of actor Martin Sheen, who is a recovering alcoholic that has been sober for 20 years. Sheen has been married 3 times and is the father of 5. In 1998 Sheen overdosed while injecting cocaine, he underwent a year of rehab. In February 2010, Sheen voluntarily admitted himself to a rehab facility, only to check himself out in early March of the same year. Sheen filed for his third divorce in August of 2010, and in October of 2010 Sheen was arrested after causing $7,000 worth of damage to a New York hotel room, Sheen admitted to being under the influence of alcohol and cocaine during this incident. Since this incident Sheen has been on a downward spiral having his children removed from his home, being fired from his job, and making racial slurs that eventually got him banned from Warner Bros production lot. Diagnosis Axis 1: 303.90 Alcohol Dependence 304.20 Cocaine Dependence Axis 11: Axis 111: None Axis 1V: Family and personal history of substance use and pending divorce Axis V: GAF = 55 Objectives The objectives for Mr. Sheen will include, but not be limited to: To enable Mr. Sheen to be admitted to an inpatient and medically supervised detoxification and rehabilitation facility for at least 90 days. To enable Mr. Sheen to be able to identify triggers for use and relapse within 12 weeks of treatment. To enable Mr. Sheen to identify maladaptive familial patterns that contribute to his dependence and abuse within 12 weeks of treatment. To enable Mr. Sheen to identify and practice at least four stress management strategies within 12 weeks of treatment. To enable client to attend Alcoholics Anonymous and complete at least 1 step within first 6 weeks of treatment. Assessment Will evaluate Mr. Sheen for alcohol and cocaine dependence through a structured interview using symptom list from DSM. Will evaluate Mr. Sheen for alcohol and cocaine dependence by administering the SASSI-3(Adult Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory-3). Will evaluate Mr. Sheen for other problems by interviewing significant others to gather information that Mr. Sheen may be unaware. Clinician/Counselor Mr. Sheen would benefit from a male counselor that is knowledgeable about the development and symptoms of alcohol and cocaine dependence. His counselor needs to be skilled in setting goals and able to promote motivation, independence, and optimism. Location Mr. Sheen needs to be admitted to an inpatient facility that will not only allow him medical supervision to detox, but that has a controlled environment that is conducive for sober living. Mr. Sheen will also need to be placed in a facility that will ensure his privacy and employs staff that will maintain discretion and confidentiality with matters of public relations and media. Interventions Cognitive behavioral therapy will be used to change the way that Mr. Sheen thinks in order to change his feeling and actions, even if his situations do not change. This therapy will be used to become more aware of inaccurate or negative thinking and allow him to view challenging situations more clearly and respond to them in a more effective way.(2) This therapy will also be used to resolve relationship conflicts and overcome emotional traumas.(3) This therapy will be appropriate for learning techniques for coping and identifying new ways to manage emotions.(4) Through this therapy Mr. Sheen will learn how to understand how and why he is doing well, so that he knows what to do to continue to do well.(2) Client will attend regular Alcoholics Anonymous meetings which will provide him with acceptance, understanding, forgiveness, confrontation, and a means for positive identification.(5) Emphasis Counselor will use a directive and supportive approach to encourage him to respond positively to counseling. A low level on confrontation will be used as a part of therapy, but Mr. Sheen may experience higher levels of confrontation from his peers in A.A. meetings and group counseling sessions. A moderate level of exploration will be used to help the client understand how his familial patterns and perhaps genetic factors have played a role in his dependence. Number of People The treatment will consist of individual counseling between Mr. Sheen and the clinician, as well a varied amount of people that will attend his A.A. meetings and group counseling sessions. Timing The client will complete a 90 day inpatient treatment program. The clinician will meet with Mr. Sheen three times a week for 45 minute sessions for the first 6 weeks of treatment and 2 sessions a week for the remaining 6 weeks of treatment. Mr. Sheen will also attend 1 hour of A.A. meetings three times a week. Mr. Sheen will attend 30 minute daily group counseling sessions facilitated by 2 clinicians for the entirety of his treatment. Medication There are no medications recommended at this time. Adjunct Mr. Sheen can find support groups to help develop his coping skills and to provide a network of support. Mr. Sheen will need to continue attending A.A. meetings at lease until he has completed his 12 steps, and maybe longer to help prevent relapse. Prognosis The length of Mr. Sheen’s abuse and dependence and the severity indicate that his problem will be difficult to overcome. Assuming that client remains abstinent from substances and finds adequate coping skills to deal with his problems the client has a good chance of remaining sober. However, relapse is common. Due to Mr. Sheen’s celebrity status an assisted sober living facility may not be an option for transitioning back into the real world, client would need to seek assistance in maintaining his sobriety as well seek out friends that are nonusers.