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Prenatal Factors Affecting Motor Development Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders • • • • FAS FAE Alcohol related birth defects (ARBD) Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) Alcohol • Leading cause of birth defects in U.S. • ~ 40,000 infants/ year FAS • ARND & ARBD = occur ~ 3 times as often as FAS. • Currently based on Mother • Researchers studying male’s role. • Full FASD = Intellectual and physical defects • FAE = less severe (ARND) • (ARND) children = ignored due to “normalcy” “If a pregnant woman drinks alcohol but her child does not have all of the symptoms of FAS, it is possible that her child has an alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND).” retrieved from CDC-2/15/05(http://www.cdc.gov) Characteristics of F.A.S FAS Facts • Secondary problems for FAS & ARNDdifficulties in school, alcohol & drug abuse, problems with law, etc • 1998- $2.8 billion annual cost • 2006 – $5.4 billion Smoking • Maternal smoking linked with SIDS • SIDS: 3 to 4 times more likely to die from SIDS, when Moms smoke before and after birth Drugs • Possible effects of Cocaine – Fetal Brain damage –Hypertension –LBW –Learning Disabilities • Why are prescriptive drugs problematic to the fetus? • Would over-the-counter drugs be problematic? Chromosomal Disorders • Down Syndrome – AKA ? –Most common chromosomal alteration – 47 vs 46 chromosomes – seems to be age related • Atlanto-Axial Subluxation • Cardiovascular defects • Motor development rates =same sequence, slower rate Motor Development Research and Infants with Down Syndrome • Delays in emergence of reflexes • Delays in attaining motor milestones • Ulrich Research (p. 96) Maternal Diseases • Rubella • HIV • Genital herpes • Chlamydia Teen Pregnancy • Gallahue statistics Prenatal Diagnostic Procedures • Ultrasound • Amniocentesis