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Older Suicide by Race and Gender, 1992 70 1.4 0.1 6.6 2.6 6.3 11.8 2.0 7.2 10.1 20 6.3 18.5 18.9 32.0 40 26.0 Percent African American females 50 10 53.0 White males African American males White females 60 30 67.6 80 0 55-64 65-74 75-84 Age Groupings 85+ Risk Factors for Suicide in Late Adulthood • Living alone and being socially isolated • Experiencing financial difficulty • Feeling depressed or useless • Being alcohol or drug dependent • Having a mental illness that reduces communication • Suffering from chronic pain, illness, or incapacity • Being unable to express grief or suffering • Losing significant relationships due to the death of loved ones Elisabeth Kubler-Ross’s Stages of Coping with Death Stage Associated Feelings Denial “Not me.” Anger “Why me?” Bargaining “Yes me, but . . .” Depression “Yes me.” Begin to mourn. Acceptance “My time is very close now, and it’s all right.” Source: Kubler-Ross, E. (1969), On death and dying, New York: MacMillan. Ways in Which Culture Influences Death Concerns • Affects the assessment of comfort needs of the dying and the kind of care provided • Influences selection, perception, and evaluation of health care givers and their methods • Shapes beliefs about causes of death. • Determines the disposition of the body and funeral and burial rituals • Patterns grief responses and bereavement roles. Source: Adapted from Ross (1994)