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Chapter 2
Crime and Criminals
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
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Figure 2.1
Type of Weapons Used by Offenders
in Violent Victimizations
Knife
5.2%
Rape, robbery,
and/or assault
Firearms
9.3%
Other Object
8.6%
Unknown if
weapon
present
8.9%
No weapon
67.2%
Weapon type
unknown
.6%
Source: Adapted from Sourcebook of Criminal Statistics, 1997, p. 186. Data from U.S. Department of
Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Criminal Victimization in the United States 1995, NCJ-171129
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office).
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Figure 2.2a
National Crime Victimization Survey
Number of Offenses
20,106,000
Total = 35,145,000
7,359,000
4,635,000
Theft*
Assault
Burglary
1,433,000
944,000
Motor
vehicle theft
Robbery
311,000
Rape/
Sexual assault
*Includes 357,000 “personal crimes” of purse snatching and pocket picking.
Source: National Crime Victimization Survey. Criminal Victimization, 1997. Adapted from U.S.
Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
Office, December 1998), p. 3.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
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Figure 2.2b
Uniform Crime Reports
Number of Offenses
7,725,470
Total = 13,175,070
2,461,120
1,353,707
1,022,492
497,950
Larceny/
Theft
Burglary
Motor
Aggravated
vehicle theft
assault
Robbery
Source: Uniform Crime Reports: Total Number of Index Offenses, 1997. Adapted from U.S.
Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States, 1997
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998), p. 67.
96,122
Forcible
rape
18,209
Murder/
Nonnegligent
manslaughter
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
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Table 2.2
Criminal Homicides
Murder
First degree (1):
Second degree:
Felony murder
Manslaughter
Voluntary:
Involuntary:
Negligent homicide
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Premeditated, deliberate, malicious (2),
intentional killing of another human being.
Malicious (2), intentional (3) killing of
another human being.
Causing the death of another human being
while committing a felony dangerous to life (4).
Intentional killing of another human being in the
heat of passion.
Reckless (5) killing of another human being.
Negligent (6) killing of another human being.
In some states first degree is restricted to, for example, killing a law enforcement officer.
Technically referred to as “malice aforethought.”
Or with total disregard of human life.
Felonies dangerous to life include burglary, robbery, arson, kidnapping, escape, and sexual assault.
Serious, conscious risk-taking.
Less serious and usually unconscious risk-taking.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
C2-S5
Figure 2.3
Uniform Crime Reports: Rate of All
Index Crimes per 100,000 Population, 1960-1997
6,000
5,000
Rate
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995 1997
Year
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States,
1975; 1991; 1997 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976; 1992; 1998), pp. 49;
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
58; 66.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
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Figure 2.4a
Total Estimated Arrests, 1997
Part I Offenses
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States,
1997Irwin/McGraw-Hill
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998), p.222.
Violent crime
Murder and manslaughter
Forcible rape
Robbery
Aggravated assault
27%
Property crime
Burglary
Larceny-theft
Motor vehicle theft
Arson
73%
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
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Figure 2.4b
Total Estimated Arrests, 1997
Part II Offenses
Other assaults 11%
Forgery, counterfeiting,
fraud, embezzlement 4%
Sex, drugs, gambling,
common vice 14%
Alcohol-related offenses 23%
Disorderly conduct, vagrancy 7%
Other offenses 41%
• Stolen property •
• Vandalism
•
• Weapons
•
• Crimes v. family •
Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States,
1997Irwin/McGraw-Hill
(Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998), p.222.
Suspicion
Curfew
Runaways
Other (except traffic)
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
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Table 2.4
Income Disparities among
American Households, 1995
Under
$25,000
$10,000 to $34,999
$75,000
and over
Median
Income
All households
12.3%
14.2%
14.8%
$34,076
White households
10.6
14.4
15.9
35,766
Black households
24.0
13.6
6.2
22,393
Hispanic households 19.9
15.4
6.1
22,860
“All households” includes other races not shown separately. Hispanic persons may be of any race. Figures in constant
(1995) dollars; amounts by race and Hispanic origin of householder.
Source: Statistical Abstracts of the United States, 1997. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
the Census
(1997)., p. 465.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
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Figure 2.5a
The ADAM Program: 1997 Adult Program Findings
Percent Positive for Drugs by Gender
Percent Positive
0
20
40
60
80
100%
Any drug
71.6
73.7
Cocaine
51.2
60.9
Marijuana
36.1
27.7
Opiates
1.5
3.1
Methamphetamine
0.6
0.7
Multiple drug
1997 Annual Report
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program
Source: Adapted from 1997 Annual Report, ADAM (Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program),
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
National
Institute of Justice, July 1998.
18.5
19.4
Total Males (N)
Total Females (N)
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
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Figure 2.5b
The ADAM Program: 1997 Adult Program Findings
Atlanta
Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category
Offense
N by Gender
MM
FF
Georgia
% by Gender
M
M
FF
Violent Offense
Robbery
Assault
Weapons
Other violent
Property Offense
Larceny/theft
Burglary
Stolen vehicle
Other property
Drug Offense
Drug sales
Drug possession
Prostitution
Other Offense
210
18
151
25
16
376
150
28
15
183
34
5
29
0
245
52
0
48
3
1
82
42
3
0
37
30
5
25
67
58
58.9
83.3
57.0
68.0
31.3
73.9
74.0
89.3
86.7
70.5
94.1
80.0
96.6
75.9
59.6
60.4
66.7
0.0
65.9
59.5
100.0
70.3
80.0
60.0
84.0
92.5
72.4
Total
865
289
71.6
73.7
Source: Adapted from 1997 Annual Report, ADAM (Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program),
Irwin/McGraw-Hill
National
Institute of Justice, July 1998.
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000