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Chapter 2 Crime and Criminals Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 C2-S1 Figure 2.1 Type of Weapons Used by Offenders in Violent Victimizations Knife 5.2% Rape, robbery, and/or assault Firearms 9.3% Other Object 8.6% Unknown if weapon present 8.9% No weapon 67.2% Weapon type unknown .6% Source: Adapted from Sourcebook of Criminal Statistics, 1997, p. 186. Data from U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Criminal Victimization in the United States 1995, NCJ-171129 Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office). C2-S2 Figure 2.2a National Crime Victimization Survey Number of Offenses 20,106,000 Total = 35,145,000 7,359,000 4,635,000 Theft* Assault Burglary 1,433,000 944,000 Motor vehicle theft Robbery 311,000 Rape/ Sexual assault *Includes 357,000 “personal crimes” of purse snatching and pocket picking. Source: National Crime Victimization Survey. Criminal Victimization, 1997. Adapted from U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Irwin/McGraw-Hill Office, December 1998), p. 3. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 C2-S3 Figure 2.2b Uniform Crime Reports Number of Offenses 7,725,470 Total = 13,175,070 2,461,120 1,353,707 1,022,492 497,950 Larceny/ Theft Burglary Motor Aggravated vehicle theft assault Robbery Source: Uniform Crime Reports: Total Number of Index Offenses, 1997. Adapted from U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States, 1997 Irwin/McGraw-Hill (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998), p. 67. 96,122 Forcible rape 18,209 Murder/ Nonnegligent manslaughter © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 C2-S4 Table 2.2 Criminal Homicides Murder First degree (1): Second degree: Felony murder Manslaughter Voluntary: Involuntary: Negligent homicide (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Premeditated, deliberate, malicious (2), intentional killing of another human being. Malicious (2), intentional (3) killing of another human being. Causing the death of another human being while committing a felony dangerous to life (4). Intentional killing of another human being in the heat of passion. Reckless (5) killing of another human being. Negligent (6) killing of another human being. In some states first degree is restricted to, for example, killing a law enforcement officer. Technically referred to as “malice aforethought.” Or with total disregard of human life. Felonies dangerous to life include burglary, robbery, arson, kidnapping, escape, and sexual assault. Serious, conscious risk-taking. Less serious and usually unconscious risk-taking. Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 C2-S5 Figure 2.3 Uniform Crime Reports: Rate of All Index Crimes per 100,000 Population, 1960-1997 6,000 5,000 Rate 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1997 Year Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States, 1975; 1991; 1997 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1976; 1992; 1998), pp. 49; Irwin/McGraw-Hill 58; 66. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 C2-S6 Figure 2.4a Total Estimated Arrests, 1997 Part I Offenses Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States, 1997Irwin/McGraw-Hill (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998), p.222. Violent crime Murder and manslaughter Forcible rape Robbery Aggravated assault 27% Property crime Burglary Larceny-theft Motor vehicle theft Arson 73% © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 C2-S7 Figure 2.4b Total Estimated Arrests, 1997 Part II Offenses Other assaults 11% Forgery, counterfeiting, fraud, embezzlement 4% Sex, drugs, gambling, common vice 14% Alcohol-related offenses 23% Disorderly conduct, vagrancy 7% Other offenses 41% • Stolen property • • Vandalism • • Weapons • • Crimes v. family • Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Crime in the United States, 1997Irwin/McGraw-Hill (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998), p.222. Suspicion Curfew Runaways Other (except traffic) © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 C2-S8 Table 2.4 Income Disparities among American Households, 1995 Under $25,000 $10,000 to $34,999 $75,000 and over Median Income All households 12.3% 14.2% 14.8% $34,076 White households 10.6 14.4 15.9 35,766 Black households 24.0 13.6 6.2 22,393 Hispanic households 19.9 15.4 6.1 22,860 “All households” includes other races not shown separately. Hispanic persons may be of any race. Figures in constant (1995) dollars; amounts by race and Hispanic origin of householder. Source: Statistical Abstracts of the United States, 1997. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Irwin/McGraw-Hill the Census (1997)., p. 465. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 C2-S9 Figure 2.5a The ADAM Program: 1997 Adult Program Findings Percent Positive for Drugs by Gender Percent Positive 0 20 40 60 80 100% Any drug 71.6 73.7 Cocaine 51.2 60.9 Marijuana 36.1 27.7 Opiates 1.5 3.1 Methamphetamine 0.6 0.7 Multiple drug 1997 Annual Report Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program Source: Adapted from 1997 Annual Report, ADAM (Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program), Irwin/McGraw-Hill National Institute of Justice, July 1998. 18.5 19.4 Total Males (N) Total Females (N) © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000 C2-S10 Figure 2.5b The ADAM Program: 1997 Adult Program Findings Atlanta Percent Positive for Drugs, by Offense Category Offense N by Gender MM FF Georgia % by Gender M M FF Violent Offense Robbery Assault Weapons Other violent Property Offense Larceny/theft Burglary Stolen vehicle Other property Drug Offense Drug sales Drug possession Prostitution Other Offense 210 18 151 25 16 376 150 28 15 183 34 5 29 0 245 52 0 48 3 1 82 42 3 0 37 30 5 25 67 58 58.9 83.3 57.0 68.0 31.3 73.9 74.0 89.3 86.7 70.5 94.1 80.0 96.6 75.9 59.6 60.4 66.7 0.0 65.9 59.5 100.0 70.3 80.0 60.0 84.0 92.5 72.4 Total 865 289 71.6 73.7 Source: Adapted from 1997 Annual Report, ADAM (Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program), Irwin/McGraw-Hill National Institute of Justice, July 1998. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000