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Chemistry 1010 Organic naming and functional groups Names of Strait Chains methane CH4 CH3CH3 ethane CH3CH2CH3 propane CH3CH2CH2CH3 butane CH CH CH CH CH pentane 3 2 2 2 3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 heptane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 octane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 nonane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 decane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 undecane Names of Substituents H H C H H C H methyl H H H H C C H C ethyl ios-propyl H C H H H H H H H H H H H H C C C propyl H C C C C H H H H H H H F (Floro) Cl (Chloro) Br (Bromo) I (Iodo) butyl Naming Rules 1. Find the longest carbon chain 2. Circle the longest chain 3. Number the chain starting at the end with closest substituent 4. Name the substituents 5. Name the longest chain Naming Tips 1. When two or more substituents are on the same carbon, use the number twice. 2. When two or more substituents are identical, use prefixes 3. When two chains are the same length, use the one with the most substituents on it. 4. If substituents are at equall distances from the ends of the chain, go to the next substituent. Functional group A Group or Family in Organic Chemistry Alkane Alkyne Alcohol Ketone Ester Amine Alkene Halogenated Aldehyde Carboxylic Acid Ether R - Group A Hydrocarbon chain of Varied Length Alcohol Functional Group R –OH CH3 – OH CH3CH2 – OH CH3CH2CH2 – OH ETHANOL H H C H H C H OH Ethanol (ethyl alcohol) or grain alcohol a. Made from the fermentation of grain, fruit, or sugar b. C6H12O6 + yeast 2C2H5OH + CO2 c. The alcohol that is in beverages d. Added to automotive fuels – 10% as gasohal e. 1 pint of pure alcohol will kill most people f. caused deterioration of the liver, memory loss and is harmful to unborn babies ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL OH H C C H H C H H H H Isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) a. Alcohol used for cuts and cleaning b. Will not be absorbed by the skin c. Toxic if taken internally d. Sold as a 70% solution – 140 proof Ethylene glycol H H H C C H HO OH Ethylene glycol a. Used for antifreeze in cars b. Very sweet tasting c. Toxic – caused kidney failure and death H H H C C H HO OH O O Liver C C HO Kidney CaC2O4 OH Oxalic acid Calcium Oxalate ALDEHYDE O R C H BENZALDEHYDE O C H Benzaldehyde a. called synthetic oil of almond b. used as flavoring – maraschino cherries c. used in perfumes Ketone O R C R ACETONE O Acetone a. Made from Isopropyl alcohol CH3 O OH H3 C CH H3C C CH3 -H H3 C C CH3 b. Used as a solvent for fats, rubber, plastics, and varnishes c. Used as fingernail polish remover d. Will not mix with water Washes water off of glassware after cleaning CARBOXYLIC ACID O R C OH R COOH FORMIC ACID O H C OH Formic Acid a. Irritant to skin b. Part of the venom in ants, bee’s, or wasps ACETIC ACID O CH3 C OH Acetic acid The acid in vinegar ESTERS O R O R O O Apricot (pentyl buterate) O O Orange (Octyl acetate) O CH3 C O Jasmine (benzyl acetate) ETHER R O R DIETHYL ETHER O Diethyl ether a. Used as a solvent b. Used for thinning paints c. Boils at 36 C (dries quickly) d. Used as anesthetic or as a drug e. Dissolves organic compounds readily f. Reacts with oxygen to form unstable peroxides TERT-BUTYL ETHER CH3 CH3 O C CH3 CH3 Tert-butyl ether (MTBE) a. Gasoline additive b. Reduces CO emissions c. Replaced lead as the antiknock compound AMINES R primary H N H H R H N R N H H amonia secondary R R N R tertiary H CH2 CH2 N H Amphetamine (stimulant drug) CH3 CH3 N H Dimethyl amine used in volcanizing rubber, tanning hydes and making of soaps CH3 CH2 H3C CH2 N CH2 CH3 Triethyl amine attracts insects warning agent in natural gas